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Read the following text and answer the next five question.
The implications of a rapidly changing information ecosystem on how governments communicate
Public communication does not happen in a vacuum: the context in which it occurs is core to understanding the challenges and opportunities it faces. Indeed, the analysis of its role for policy and governance mechanisms is made urgent by shifts in the information ecosystem that have transformed the function over the past decade and raised important implications for democracy. The technological revolution that has connected the world through social media has given rise to online social movements and simplified the creation and sharing of content and data. Such changes have also facilitated, however, the spread of mis- and disinformation, contributed to undermining the role of traditional information gatekeepers, and have fundamentally changed how governments communicate. Whereas until the early 2000s a so-called “one-to-many” model of communication prevailed, this has shifted today to a “many-to-many” model. Anyone can be both a producer and a consumer of information, and anybody with an internet connection has the potential to engage with and influence public debates.
Traditionally, governments had largely relied on traditional media to amplify official messages to reach citizens. With the advent of digital channels, this approach has gradually lost its primacy to direct institution-to-individual communication via online platforms that bypass traditional media. This shift has also enabled a broader scope for governments to communicate about more diverse policy issues targeted to more specific audiences, as traditional media tend to concentrate on “newsworthy” subjects and political affairs, often under-reporting less mainstream issues. The unprecedented volumes of data that promise to make communication ever more precise, combined with the direct, unmediated access to vast and diverse publics, are some of the opportunities and challenges that have emerged.
At the same time, digital platforms have altered patterns in eople’s consumption of information and raised demands on their attention. The latter has become a resource that technology companies sell to advertisers. In turn, the design of online platforms and their algorithms, and the massive increase in the volume of information served to increase competition for what content people pay attention to, while making focus more superficial. As governments compete with all other information sources for the public’s attention, cognitive and psychological factors such as information overload can undermine the efficacy of even well-crafted content.
Online and social media have also heightened the pace at which information travels, accelerated the news cycle, and enabled a wider range of actors to drive discussions on policy issues. Taken together, digital technologies have produced a complex information ecosystem that has made it more challenging for official messages to “cut through the noise”. Cumulatively, these changes require considerable adjustments to practices, public officials’ skills, and even to how communication is organised, if governments are to make the most of the digital transformation and ensure it can promote better governance. […]
The ability for governments to use the communication function to promote constructive democratic spaces is critically threatened by widespread mis- and disinformation. When falsehoods spread extensively and rapidly on issues of public policy, official messages are drowned out, creating significant challenges for public communicators to get key information out to all groups in society. Whether in the context of elections, health crises, migration or climate change, mis- and disinformation cast evidence and facts into doubt, sow distrust, and work against policy goals.
Adapted from: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/ reports/2021/12/oecd-report-on-public-communication_b74311bc/22f8031c-en.pdf
The first word in “shifts in the information ecosystem” (1st paragraph) is close in meaning to:
Read the following text and answer the next five question.
The implications of a rapidly changing information ecosystem on how governments communicate
Public communication does not happen in a vacuum: the context in which it occurs is core to understanding the challenges and opportunities it faces. Indeed, the analysis of its role for policy and governance mechanisms is made urgent by shifts in the information ecosystem that have transformed the function over the past decade and raised important implications for democracy. The technological revolution that has connected the world through social media has given rise to online social movements and simplified the creation and sharing of content and data. Such changes have also facilitated, however, the spread of mis- and disinformation, contributed to undermining the role of traditional information gatekeepers, and have fundamentally changed how governments communicate. Whereas until the early 2000s a so-called “one-to-many” model of communication prevailed, this has shifted today to a “many-to-many” model. Anyone can be both a producer and a consumer of information, and anybody with an internet connection has the potential to engage with and influence public debates.
Traditionally, governments had largely relied on traditional media to amplify official messages to reach citizens. With the advent of digital channels, this approach has gradually lost its primacy to direct institution-to-individual communication via online platforms that bypass traditional media. This shift has also enabled a broader scope for governments to communicate about more diverse policy issues targeted to more specific audiences, as traditional media tend to concentrate on “newsworthy” subjects and political affairs, often under-reporting less mainstream issues. The unprecedented volumes of data that promise to make communication ever more precise, combined with the direct, unmediated access to vast and diverse publics, are some of the opportunities and challenges that have emerged.
At the same time, digital platforms have altered patterns in eople’s consumption of information and raised demands on their attention. The latter has become a resource that technology companies sell to advertisers. In turn, the design of online platforms and their algorithms, and the massive increase in the volume of information served to increase competition for what content people pay attention to, while making focus more superficial. As governments compete with all other information sources for the public’s attention, cognitive and psychological factors such as information overload can undermine the efficacy of even well-crafted content.
Online and social media have also heightened the pace at which information travels, accelerated the news cycle, and enabled a wider range of actors to drive discussions on policy issues. Taken together, digital technologies have produced a complex information ecosystem that has made it more challenging for official messages to “cut through the noise”. Cumulatively, these changes require considerable adjustments to practices, public officials’ skills, and even to how communication is organised, if governments are to make the most of the digital transformation and ensure it can promote better governance. […]
The ability for governments to use the communication function to promote constructive democratic spaces is critically threatened by widespread mis- and disinformation. When falsehoods spread extensively and rapidly on issues of public policy, official messages are drowned out, creating significant challenges for public communicators to get key information out to all groups in society. Whether in the context of elections, health crises, migration or climate change, mis- and disinformation cast evidence and facts into doubt, sow distrust, and work against policy goals.
Adapted from: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/ reports/2021/12/oecd-report-on-public-communication_b74311bc/22f8031c-en.pdf
“Indeed” in “Indeed, the analysis of its role for policy and governance mechanisms is made urgent” (1st paragraph) indicates:
Read the following text and answer the next five question.
The implications of a rapidly changing information ecosystem on how governments communicate
Public communication does not happen in a vacuum: the context in which it occurs is core to understanding the challenges and opportunities it faces. Indeed, the analysis of its role for policy and governance mechanisms is made urgent by shifts in the information ecosystem that have transformed the function over the past decade and raised important implications for democracy. The technological revolution that has connected the world through social media has given rise to online social movements and simplified the creation and sharing of content and data. Such changes have also facilitated, however, the spread of mis- and disinformation, contributed to undermining the role of traditional information gatekeepers, and have fundamentally changed how governments communicate. Whereas until the early 2000s a so-called “one-to-many” model of communication prevailed, this has shifted today to a “many-to-many” model. Anyone can be both a producer and a consumer of information, and anybody with an internet connection has the potential to engage with and influence public debates.
Traditionally, governments had largely relied on traditional media to amplify official messages to reach citizens. With the advent of digital channels, this approach has gradually lost its primacy to direct institution-to-individual communication via online platforms that bypass traditional media. This shift has also enabled a broader scope for governments to communicate about more diverse policy issues targeted to more specific audiences, as traditional media tend to concentrate on “newsworthy” subjects and political affairs, often under-reporting less mainstream issues. The unprecedented volumes of data that promise to make communication ever more precise, combined with the direct, unmediated access to vast and diverse publics, are some of the opportunities and challenges that have emerged.
At the same time, digital platforms have altered patterns in eople’s consumption of information and raised demands on their attention. The latter has become a resource that technology companies sell to advertisers. In turn, the design of online platforms and their algorithms, and the massive increase in the volume of information served to increase competition for what content people pay attention to, while making focus more superficial. As governments compete with all other information sources for the public’s attention, cognitive and psychological factors such as information overload can undermine the efficacy of even well-crafted content.
Online and social media have also heightened the pace at which information travels, accelerated the news cycle, and enabled a wider range of actors to drive discussions on policy issues. Taken together, digital technologies have produced a complex information ecosystem that has made it more challenging for official messages to “cut through the noise”. Cumulatively, these changes require considerable adjustments to practices, public officials’ skills, and even to how communication is organised, if governments are to make the most of the digital transformation and ensure it can promote better governance. […]
The ability for governments to use the communication function to promote constructive democratic spaces is critically threatened by widespread mis- and disinformation. When falsehoods spread extensively and rapidly on issues of public policy, official messages are drowned out, creating significant challenges for public communicators to get key information out to all groups in society. Whether in the context of elections, health crises, migration or climate change, mis- and disinformation cast evidence and facts into doubt, sow distrust, and work against policy goals.
Adapted from: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/ reports/2021/12/oecd-report-on-public-communication_b74311bc/22f8031c-en.pdf
Based on the information provided by the text, mark the statements below as true (T) or false (F).
( ) Public messages are detached from their environment.
( ) The pervasiveness of “many-to-many” communication predates the turn of the century.
( ) Innovations in technology have enabled the quick spread of inaccurate information.
The statements are, respectively:
(__)The "Silent E" rule often indicates that the preceding vowel should be pronounced as a long vowel, as seen in the word "plane" compared to "plan."
(__)The digraph "ch" always represents the phoneme /t?/ across all words of English origin, Greek origin, and French origin.
(__)Homophones are words that share the same spelling but have different pronunciations and meanings, such as "lead" (metal) and "lead" (to guide).
(__)The letter "c" usually represents the phoneme /s/ when followed by the vowels "e", "i", or "y", as in the word "cinema" or "center."
After analysis, choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence:
I.A "Simple Sentence" contains only one independent clause and no subordinate clauses, even if it has a compound subject or verb.
II.A "Compound Sentence" consists of two or more independent clauses joined by coordinating conjunctions such as "and," "but," or "or."
III.A "Complex Sentence" is formed by joining two or more independent clauses without the use of any dependent clauses or relative pronouns.
Which statements are correct:
(__)A "Report" is typically characterized by an objective tone, the use of headings, and the presentation of facts or findings without excessive poetic imagery.
(__)An "Argumentative Essay" must present a clear thesis and provide logical evidence to persuade the reader to accept a specific point of view.
(__)"Formal Letters" in English should always begin with the salutation "Hi there!" to establish a friendly and approachable relationship with the recipient.
(__)"Narratives" often follow a structural pattern involving an orientation, a complication, a climax, and a resolution to engage the reader's interest.
After analysis, choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence:
(__)Subject-Auxiliary Inversion is mandatory in most direct questions, such as "Have you seen the film?" instead of "You have seen the film."
(__)The "Direct Object" always follows the "Indirect Object" when the preposition "to" or "for" is omitted, as in "He gave her the flowers."
(__)In English, the adjective must always be placed after the noun it modifies to ensure the sentence follows a logical predicative order.
(__)A "Complement" is a word or phrase that completes the meaning of a subject or object, often following a linking verb like "be" or "seem."
After analysis, choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence:
The distinction between literary and non-literary texts lies in the use of language and the primary function of the discourse. About the interpretation of different genres, mark T for True and F for False:
(__)Narratives are primarily characterized by the use of "mimesis" or "diegesis" to represent a sequence of events involving characters in a specific setting.
(__)Expository texts aim to persuade the reader by using emotional appeal and rhetorical devices such as hyperbole and irony to defend a subjective point of view.
(__)Literary texts often employ "defamiliarization," a technique that makes common objects or situations seem strange to enhance the reader's perception.
(__)Descriptive texts in technical manuals are strictly forbidden from using adjectives because they must remain purely objective and mathematical.
After analysis, choose the alternative that presents the correct sequence:
I.Anaphora is a cohesive device where a word in a text refers back to a previously mentioned entity, such as using "it" to refer to "the book."
II.Lexical cohesion can be achieved through the use of hyponyms and hypernyms, creating a semantic chain that maintains the thematic unity of the passage.
III.Coherence is entirely dependent on the presence of explicit conjunctions, meaning a text without "but" or "therefore" cannot be logically understood.
Which statements are correct:
I.Derivational suffixes like "-ly" often change adjectives into adverbs, modifying the syntactic function of the base word.
II.Inflectional morphemes in English, such as the "-ed" in "walked," change the core meaning of the verb to create an entirely new lexical entry.
III.Compounding is the process of combining two free morphemes to create a new word, which can be written as one word, two words, or hyphenated.
Which statements are correct:
I."Back-channeling" involves providing vocal or non-verbal cues, such as "uh-huh" or nodding, to show that one is listening without interrupting the speaker.
II."Turn-taking" is the conversational mechanism where one person speaks at a time in an orderly fashion, avoiding long silences or frequent overlaps.
III.The "Maxim of Quality" in Grice's Cooperative Principle states that speakers should be as brief as possible and avoid any complex vocabulary in casual talk.
Which statements are correct:
Informe se é verdadeiro (V) ou falso (F) o que se afirma sobre a fonética e a pronúncia da língua inglesa.
( ) Os sons ʃ e ʒ são fricativos, o primeiro está presente na palavra “push” e o segundo na palavra “rouge”.
( ) Os sons θ e ð tem o mesmo correlato ortográfico – que é “th” –, o primeiro é desvozeado e o segundo é vozeado.
( ) O inglês é uma língua que tem vogais longas, que são produzidas com a duração menor do que as vogais breves ou vogais curtas.
( ) Todas as línguas apresentam consoantes e vogais, vogais são tipicamente vozeadas e consoantes podem ser vozeadas ou desvozeadas.
( ) Quando não ocorre vibração das cordas vocais, temos um som vozeado; quando o ar provoca a vibração das cordas vocais, temos um som desvozeado.
De acordo com as afirmações, a sequência correta é:
Avalie as sentenças a seguir e os usos dos verb tenses nelas empregados.
I What do you usually do at weekends?. II- I have been traveling to France when I was a child. III- He has gone to Italy. IV- lt hasn't rained this week. V- You're out of breath. Were you been running?.
Está correto apenas o que se afirma em
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