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Q3542905
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542905 Inglês

Analyze the music and answer the question


A Few Small Bruises


Maria Mena



Out here on the ledge

I'm not far away from stepping off

I've finally picked out my cloud

It's the one over there

Surrounded by all that air


You reached out your hand

And said I understand

So why not come down


Well except for a few small bruises, cuts, and scars well

I'm fine

Except for a few small bruises, cuts, and scars well I'm

fine


Thank you for asking

I'm so glad we had this moment here

I know they think I'm crazy

But everything I am is what I was taught to be


You reached out your hand

And said I understand

So why not come down


And as you read my words out loud

Make me sound genius

Make me sound special

And maybe I'll come down


And as you read my words out loud

Make me sound genuis

Make me sound special

And maybe I'll come down



Fonte: https://www.letras.mus.br/mariamena/acesso em: 06 de out. 2023.

Taking into consideration the 3rd verse of the song, which of the following options best expresses the emotional or physical state of the narrator? 
Alternativas
Q3542904
Inglês Verbos | Verbs ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542904 Inglês
In the sentence “The roof that the dog was found on is believed to have broken off the house and been washed out to sea by the retreating waters of the devastating tsunami.” The highlighted verbs are respectively in the:
Alternativas
Q3542903
Inglês Adjetivos | Adjectives ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542903 Inglês

Read the text and answer the question



Contemporary Culture.



    In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.


    When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.


Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.

Read the sentence, "When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested…"



The highlighted word is classified as: 

Alternativas
Q3542902
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542902 Inglês

Read the text and answer the question



Contemporary Culture.



    In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.


    When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.


Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.

According to the author of the text, the power of the rap revolution in contemporary society consists in the possibility of being:
Alternativas
Q3542901
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542901 Inglês

Read the text and answer the question



Contemporary Culture.



    In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.


    When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.


Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.

Regarding the text, rap music has become one of the spaces where discourse is used in a way that invites the dominant culture to:
Alternativas
Q3542900
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542900 Inglês

Read the text and answer the question



Contemporary Culture.



    In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.


    When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.


Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.

Identify the main idea expressed in the text about rap music and black vernacular discourse in contemporary culture.
Alternativas
Q3542899
Inglês Preposições | Prepositions , Análise sintática | Syntax Parsing ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542899 Inglês

ANALISE OS QUADRINHOS E RESPONDA À QUESTÃO.


Q23.png (345×243)

Fonte:http://www.comicstriparchive.com/Beetle_Bailey/acesso em: 06 de 0ut. de 2023. 

The term "At" in the fourth panel can be classified as:
Alternativas
Q3542898
Inglês Verbos | Verbs ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542898 Inglês

ANALISE OS QUADRINHOS E RESPONDA À QUESTÃO.


Q23.png (345×243)

Fonte:http://www.comicstriparchive.com/Beetle_Bailey/acesso em: 06 de 0ut. de 2023. 

The sentence structure "Subject + verb to be + verb with -ing + complement" in the fourth panel can be classified as:
Alternativas
Q3542896
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: Gama Consult Órgão: Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT Prova: Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542896 Inglês

Analyze the sentence and answer the question


Q21.png (278×255)

Fonte: https://odb.org/ministeriospaodiario. Acesso em: 06 de out. de 2023. 

Based on the phrase "Our Daily Bread Radio WITH YOU, EVERY MOMENT OF THE DAY!" Which of the following objectives is most likely the advertisement aiming for?
Alternativas
Q3457003
Inglês Verbos | Verbs ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457003 Inglês
Read the sentence below:

"Mister Marvel was very sick and had a weak heart. He ___ have had a heart attack."

Choose the sentence with the correct modal verb to the sentence structure:
Alternativas
Q3457002
Inglês Pronomes | Pronouns ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457002 Inglês

Consider the sentence below:


"Today, I'm making a meat loaf for my uncle."


Which pronoun can substitute the underlined words in the sentence above? 

Alternativas
Q3457001
Inglês Determinantes e quantificadores | Determiners and quantifiers ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457001 Inglês
Select the alternative that the quantifier is used incorrectly.
Alternativas
Q3457000
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457000 Inglês
What evidence from the research supports the potential application of the developed cancer vaccine strategy? 
Alternativas
Q3456999
Inglês Tag questions ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456999 Inglês
Consider the excerpts below.

I.Natasha drinks a lot, doesn't she?
II.Let's try to play the guitar again, shall we?
III.Your aunt has never been out of the city, wouldn't she?

In which (of them) the tag question(s) is(are) correctly used? 
Alternativas
Q3456998
Inglês Caso genitivo | Genitive case ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456998 Inglês
Regarding the use of the genitive, judge the sentences below and indicate which ones are correct.
I."Savannah Rose and Luke's house is far from here." II."I'll look for a classy watch for John's gift." III."The boys' toys."
Alternativas
Q3456997
Inglês Verbos | Verbs ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456997 Inglês
Read the sentence below:

"She ___ a successful career in finance before she decided to start her own business."

What is the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence?
Alternativas
Q3456996
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456996 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
What does the phrasal verb "take out" mean in the sentence "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine" (15º§)?
Alternativas
Q3456995
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456995 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Regarding the format, how would you classify the text provided above? 
Alternativas
Q3456994
Inglês Voz Ativa e Passiva | Passive and Active Voice ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456994 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Rewrite the sentence "[...], the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs" (10º§) in the passive voice.
Alternativas
Q3456993
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary , Sinônimos | Synonyms ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: IDCAP Órgão: Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT Prova: IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456993 Inglês
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells into weapons against cancer

March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan


(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who  educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford Medicine researchers have done something similar with cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells came from.


(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the study's senior author. The research was published March 1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde, PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.


(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer, often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the immune system that learns to identify and attack new pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that generate an immune response.


(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need to guess which ones will be most potent.


(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like — go get it."


(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.


(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.


(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell Research and Medicine.


(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.


(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse immune system, the mice successfully cleared the cancer.


(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it worked as well as it did."


(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created from cancer cells were indeed acting as antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune system remembered what these cells taught them," Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still had a strong immunological response that protected them."


(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma, breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to significantly improved survival.


(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from the same patient, they observed all the signs that would be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells how to attack the leukemia.


(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in mice and a similar response with human patient immune cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."


(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into patients and transform enough cells to activate the immune system against cancer without having to take cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."


(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the Stanford Cancer Institute.


(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
In the context of 8º§, what could be a synonym for "hypothesized"?
Alternativas
Respostas
10081: C
10082: C
10083: D
10084: C
10085: B
10086: B
10087: A
10088: D
10089: A
10090: C
10091: A
10092: A
10093: B
10094: A
10095: A
10096: A
10097: A
10098: C
10099: D
10100: D
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