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Read Text II and answer the three questions that follow it.
Text II
June 15, 2023 - Debates over Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI) efforts are currently thriving, including debates over the degree to which corporate diversity efforts are valuable, whether chief diversity officers can succeed, and whether corporate diversity commitments can produce lasting change.
Over the past year, at least a dozen U.S. state legislatures have proposed or passed laws targeting DEI efforts, including laws aimed at limiting DEI roles and efforts in businesses and higher education and laws eliminating DEI spending, trainings, and statements at public institutions. Moreover, with the U.S. Supreme Court poised to address affirmative action in two cases involving the consideration of race in higher education admissions this summer, debates in the U.S. regarding DEI initiatives are likely far from over.
At the same time, DEI-related legal requirements continue to grow in other jurisdictions, and with global financial institutions facing expanding environmental, social, and governance (ESG)- related trends and regulations in the EU and other jurisdictions, as well as global expectations regarding their role in ESG, including DEI-related corporate developments and initiatives, these matters are likely to continue to work their way into capital allocations and the costs of doing business, as well as into the expectations of certain stakeholders.
This widening gap between global expectations and regulation regarding DEI-related matters and the concerns of some constituents in the U.S. over the role of DEI in corporate decision-making is likely to continue growing for the foreseeable future, putting companies between the proverbial rock and hard place.
What these developments make clear is that corporate DEI efforts are, and likely have been for some time, riskier than many companies may initially appreciate. And the risks associated with DEI initiatives are only positioned to grow and expand as companies look to thread the DEI needle and make a broader and potentially more divergent set of stakeholders happy, or at least less annoyed, with their DEI-related commitments and initiatives. In this article, we discuss the top four legal risks that companies often fail to address in their DEI efforts.
[…]
(From https://www.reuters.com/legal/legalindustry/diversity-matters-four-scarylegal-risks-hiding-your-dei-program-2023-06-15/
The word “poised” in “with the U.S. Supreme Court poised to address affirmative action” (2nd paragraph) is equivalent to
The word can in “I can write this letter if you need” expresses:
U.S. Thaws Relations With “Europe’s Last Dictatorship”
As ties between the West and Russia wallow at the worst point since the end of the Cold War, the Trump administration has been forging closer ties with one of the last countries fully in Moscow’s orbit. President Donald Trump’s then-national security advisor, John Bolton, visited Belarus earlier this year, and U.S. officials say Secretary of State Mike Pompeo is expected to follow suit and travel to Minsk in January. Belarus, which has been referred to as “Europe’s last dictatorship,” expelled the U.S. ambassador in 2008 after Washington slapped sanctions on it over human rights abuses. But now, the United States is expected to revive diplomatic ties with Belarus—sending an ambassador to Minsk for the first time in over a decade—even as Russian President Vladimir Putin tries to subdue it.
https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/12/25/10-important... - adaptado
A synonym for “ties” in the context of the text is:
Read the text below and answer questions 35 to 40
- A new study from archaeologists at University of Sydney and Simon
- Fraser University in Vancouver, has provided important new evidence
- to answer the question "Who exactly were the Anglo‐Saxons?" New
- findings based on studying skeletal remains clearly indicate the Anglo‐
- Saxons were a melting pot of people from both migrant and local
- cultural groups and not one homogenous group from Western Europe.
- Professor Keith Dobney said the team’s results indicate that "the
- Anglo‐Saxon kingdoms of early Medieval Britain were strikingly similar
- to contemporary Britain ‐‐ full of people of different ancestries sharing
- a common language and culture." The collaborative study looked at the
- three‐dimensional shape of the base of the skull. "Baased on this, we
- collected 3D data from suitably dated skeletal collections from Britain
- and Denmark, and then analysed the data to estimate the ancestry of
- the Anglo‐Saxon individuals in the sample."
- The researchers found that between two‐thirds and three‐quarters of
- early Anglo‐Saxon individuals were of continental European ancestry,
- while between a quarter and one‐third were of local ancestry. When
- they looked at skeletons dated to the Middle Anglo‐Saxon period
- (several hundred years after the original migrants arrived), they found
- that 50 to 70 percent of the individuals were of local ancestry, while
- 30 to 50 percent were of continental European ancestry, which
- probably indicates a change in the rate of migration and/or local
- adoption of culture over time. "These findings tell us that being Anglo‐
- Saxon was more likely a matter of language and culture, not genetics."
- Although Anglo‐Saxon origins can clearly be traced to a migration of
- Germanic‐speaking people from mainland Europe between the 5th
- and 7th centuries AD, the number of individuals who settled in Britain
- is still contested, as is the nature of their relationship with the pre-
- existing inhabitants of the British Isles, who were Romano‐Celts.
- The ongoing and unresolved argument is whether hordes of European
- invaders largely replaced the existing Romano‐British inhabitants, or
- did smaller numbers of migrants settle and interact with the locals,
- who then rapidly adopted the new language and culture of the Anglo‐
- Saxons? "The reason for the ongoing confusion is the apparent
- contradiction between early historical texts (written sometime after
- the events that imply that the newcomers were both numerous and
- replaced the Romano‐British population) and some recent
- biomolecular markers directly recovered from Anglo‐Saxon skeletons
- that appears to suggest numbers of immigrants were few," said
- Professor Dobney. "Our new data sits at the interface of this debate
- and implies that early Anglo‐Saxon society was a mix of both
- newcomers and immigrants and, instead of wholesale population
- replacement, a process of acculturation resulted in Anglo‐Saxon
- language and culture being adopted wholesale by the local
- population." "It could be this new cultural package was attractive,
- filling a vacuum left at the end of the Roman occupation of Britain.
- Whatever the reason, it lit the fuse for the English nation we have today
- ‐‐ still comprised of people of different origins who share the same
- language," Professor Dobney said.
Adapted from article available at:
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/06/210623144901.htm
Accessed on: July 13, 2021.
The words “Although” (l. 25) and “whether” (l. 30) could be replaced, with little or no change of meaning or structure, by the words: