In "By the early 20th century, the North End was densely fi...
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Ano: 2025
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de São José do Seridó - RN
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2025 - Prefeitura de São José do Seridó - RN - Professor de Língua Inglesa |
Q3794572
Inglês
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questão.
Italians
The peak period of Italian immigration to the United
States occurred between 1880 and 1921, when
approximately 4.2 million Italians came to America. The
vast majority of these immigrants, about 80 percent,
hailed from the Mezzogiorno in southern Italy, a region in
the midst of great tumult and hardship. Having only been
officially unified in 1860, political tension between the
government in the north and the rural peasants in the
south increased in the 1870s, when the government
placed an onerous tax on wheat and salt, which were
necessities for southern farmers and fishermen. In the
1880s, disease ravaged both staple and cash crops;
malaria and other epidemics also devastated southern
Italy during this period. Additionally, a series of
earthquakes and the eruptions of Mount Etna and Mount
Vesuvius in the early 1900s destroyed cities and killed
tens of thousands of people.
Conditions in the United States during this era appeared
to be very favorable to many in southern Italy. Wages for
both skilled and unskilled laborers in the industrialized US
could be three times greater than wages for the same
work in the depressed Italian economy. Even illiterate day
laborers could find better paying jobs with better working
conditions in cities like Boston. In the late nineteenth
century, Italian immigrants were often referred to as
"birds of passage"−young men who migrated alone,
earning money to buy land and support their families at
home and eventually returning to Italy. After World War I,
however, immigration patterns changed and more Italian
immigrants began to bring their families over and put
down permanent roots in the region.
Patterns of Settlement
Boston's North End neighborhood became the locus of
Italian settlement in eastern New England. Once the
home of English colonists and revolutionaries like Paul
Revere, Irish and Jewish immigrants settled in the North
End before the wave of Italian immigration in the late
1800s. By the early 20th century, the North End was
densely filled with tenements, in which tens of thousands
of Italians lived. Much of the appeal of the North End for
immigrant groups was its proximity to work opportunities
on the waterfront and in downtown Boston. By 1920, over
50 percent of Italian immigrants in Boston lived in the
North End. Those who could afford more spacious
dwellings moved across the harbor to East Boston, which
by the mid-twentieth century became the city's largest
Italian-American community. Others moved to nearby
suburbs such as Somerville, Revere and Saugus,
especially after World War II. But even as immigrants and
their children moved to these areas, many Italian small
businesses and restaurants remained in the North End, and it is still an important center of Italian culture in New
England.
Workforce Participation
Most Italian immigrants in the late nineteenth and early
twentieth centuries worked menial, unskilled jobs upon
their arrival in Boston, as day laborers, dockworkers, or
fruit sellers. Others opened shops and small businesses,
and some skilled workers (like tailors) found
higher-paying jobs. In neighborhoods like the North End
and East Boston, immigrants operated Italian restaurants
that attracted a growing clientele from across the city. For
the earlier "birds of passage," though, assimilating into
the wider American culture was not a priority; for more
permanent Italian settlers, cultural obstacles such as the
language barrier and lower levels of education made
upward mobility difficult. Within a few generations,
however, Italian Americans in Boston became better
educated and were able to move into middle-class and
professional occupations, including some of the highest
echelons of business and politics.
https://globalboston.bc.edu/index.php/home/ethnic-groups/italians/
In "By the early 20th century, the North End was densely
filled with tenements, in which tens of thousands of
Italians lived," the prepositions by and in establish
temporal and spatial relations fundamental to textual
coherence. Within the framework of English grammar,
what specific semantic roles do these prepositions fulfill?
Gabarito comentado
Confira o gabarito comentado por um dos nossos professores
Gabarito: A
Fundamento decisivo: A distinção entre o valor temporal de “by the early 20th century” e o valor locativo de “in which” define o gabarito.
Tema central: Semântica das preposições
Análise das alternativas
A
Certa
A alternativa A descreve exatamente os valores presentes no enunciado. Em “by + time expression”, a preposição marca prazo, limite ou marco temporal; por isso, “By the early 20th century” situa o fato em relação a determinado momento no tempo. Já em “in which”, a preposição mantém valor locativo de interioridade em relação ao antecedente “tenements”, indicando contensão espacial: os italianos viviam dentro desses edifícios.
B
Errada
Errada porque os sentidos atribuídos não aparecem no trecho. “By” não expressa propósito em “By the early 20th century”; aí seu valor é temporal. “In” também não indica instrumento em “in which”; ele introduz localização interna em relação a “tenements”.
C
Errada
Errada por classificar e interpretar mal as duas formas. “By” no sintagma temporal é preposição com valor semântico temporal, não marcador discursivo. “In” em “in which” é preposição locativa numa oração relativa, não partícula de infinitivo.
D
Errada
Errada porque os papéis semânticos mencionados não existem nessa estrutura. “By” não introduz agente de verbo passivo no trecho; ele marca tempo. “In” não introduz comparação; ele expressa localização espacial ligada ao interior dos “tenements”.
Pegadinha da questão
A confusão real era trocar o “by” temporal de “by the early 20th century” pelo “by” que pode introduzir agente da voz passiva, e tratar “in which” como estrutura apenas formal, apagando seu valor locativo.
Dica para questões semelhantes
- Leia a preposição no sintagma real em que aparece, e não pelo valor que ela pode ter em outros contextos.
- Em “by + expressão de tempo”, teste primeiro o valor de marco, prazo ou limite temporal.
- Em “in which”, verifique o antecedente: se ele for um lugar ou espaço físico, “in” tende a manter valor locativo de interioridade.
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