Considering text II, judge whether the following statements ...

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Text II


    This book wants to show the newcomer the lie of the land without confusing him with details. In writing it I thought first and foremost of readers in their teens. But I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics, critics who are quick to detect and resent any trace of pretentious jargon or bogus sentiment. I know from experience that these are the vices which may render people suspicious of all writings. I have striven to use plain language even at the risk of sounding casual or unprofessional. I hope that no reader will attribute my decision to get along with a minimum of the art historian’s conventional terms to any desire on my part of ‘talking down’ to him. Apart from this decision, I have tried to follow a number of more specific self-imposed rules, such as limiting myself to real works of art and cutting out anything which might merely be interesting as a specimen of taste or fashion. This decision entailed a considerable sacrifice of literary effects. Praise is so much duller than criticism, and the inclusion of some amusing monstrosities might have offered some light relief. Thus, while I do not claim that all the works illustrated represent the highest standard of perfection, I did make an effort not to include anything which I considered to be without a peculiar merit of its own.

    A second rule also demanded a little self-denial. I vowed to resist any temptation to be original in my selection, lest the well-known masterpieces be crowded out by my own personal favourites. This book, after all, is not intended merely as an anthology of beautiful things; it is meant for those who look for bearings in a new field, and for them the familiar appearance of apparently ‘hackneyed’ examples may serve as welcome landmarks.

    One more rule I have followed. When in doubt I have always preferred to discuss a work which I had seen in the original rather than one I knew only from photographs. I should have liked to make this an absolute rule, but I did not want the reader to be penalized by the accidents of travel restrictions which sometimes dog the life of the art-lover.


E. H. Gombrich. The Story of Art. Phaidon, New York – London: 1995, p. 7-8 (adapted).

Considering text II, judge whether the following statements are right (C) or wrong (E).


In the fragment “I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics” (third sentence of the first paragraph), the referent for the pronoun “they” is “adults”.

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Tema central da questão: Referência Pronominal

Esta questão explora um ponto fundamental da compreensão leitora em língua inglesa: a referência pronominal. Isso significa identificar corretamente a que termo anterior (antecedente) um pronome faz referência em um texto.

No trecho: “I have never believed that books for young people should differ from books for adults except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics”, o pronome “they” precisa ser analisado de acordo com o contexto apresentado.

A afirmação da questão diz que “they” se refere a “adults”. Esta análise está incorreta.

Vamos entender o porquê:

Observe a construção:

• Primeira parte: “books for young people should differ from books for adults…”
• Em seguida: “…except for the fact that they must reckon with the most exacting class of critics.”

“They” refere-se a “books for young people”, pois o autor argumenta que livros para jovens só deveriam ser diferentes dos livros para adultos porque precisam considerar (to reckon with) os leitores jovens, que são muito críticos (“the most exacting class of critics”).

Esse é um exemplo clássico de questão de concurso que cobra atenção à coesão textual e à lógica da construção da frase. A pegadinha comum é se deixar levar pelo termo mais próximo anterior – “adults” –, mas o sentido do texto não permite esta leitura.

Dica de estratégia: Sempre relacione o pronome a possíveis antecedentes imediatos e depois teste a lógica do contexto. Procure identificar a quem o verbo/pronome naturalmente se aplica. Aqui, são os livros para jovens que precisam “lidar com críticos exigentes” (ou seja, os próprios jovens leitores). Não faria sentido serem os adultos a “precisarem lidar” com isso neste contexto específico.

Portanto, o gabarito é E (errado), pois a referência está incorreta.

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the referent of they is :

books for younger people

Remember to ask who or what should reckon wiht the most exacting class of critics?

The books for younger people

o referente de they é livros

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