Match the terms in Column 1 with their correct
definitions in Column 2.Column 1 Terms1. Transaction Cost Economics
2. Eclectic Paradigm
3. Institutional Voids
4. Global Value Chains
5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)Column 2 Definitions(_) The absence or underdevelopment of market-supporting institutions(_) The system of cross-border production and
distribution activities.(_) A framework explaining why firms expand
internationally based on OLI advantages.(_) The costs associated with conducting and
managing economic exchanges.(_) The ownership of business operations in a
foreign country.Select the alternative that presents the correct
sequence, from top to bottom.

Question

Advanced Dynamics of 
International Business Strategy
In the era of hyper-globalization, international busi
ness strategy has evolved into a highly sophisticated 
discipline characterized by the orchestration of cross
border value creation under conditions of uncertainty 
and institutional divergence. Multinational enterprises 
(MNEs) must navigate complex configurations of 
global value chains (GVCs), optimizing location-spe
cific advantages while mitigating transaction costs, as 
articulated in Transaction Cost Economics.
A central theoretical lens in this domain is the Eclectic 
Paradigm, which posits that firms engage in foreign 
direct investment (FDI) when three conditions are 
satisfied: ownership-specific advantages (O), location
specific advantages (L), and internalization incentives 
(I). These determinants collectively inform entry mode 
decisions, ranging from wholly owned subsidiaries to 
joint ventures and strategic alliances.Institutional theory further underscores the impor
tance of isomorphic pressures—coercive, mimetic, and 
normative—that shape organizational behavior across 
different jurisdictions. Firms operating in emerging 
economies often encounter institutional voids, charac
terized by the absence or underdevelopment of inter
mediaries such as capital markets, legal enforcement 
mechanisms, and regulatory agencies. In such contexts, 
firms may adopt non-market strategies, including polit
ical lobbying and network-based relational contracting, 
to compensate for institutional deficiencies.From an operational perspective, supply chain resil
ience has become a critical strategic priority.Concepts such as just-in-time (JIT) inventory manage
ment are increasingly being reevaluated in favor of 
just-in-case (JIC) models, particularly in light of disrup
tions stemming from events like the COVID-19 pan
demic. Firms now emphasize redundancy, nearshoring, 
and diversification of suppliers to enhance robustness 
against exogenous shocks.Financially, exchange rate volatility and cross-border 
capital flows introduce significant risks. Firms employ 
sophisticated hedging instruments, such as forward 
contracts, options, and swaps, to manage foreign 
exchange exposure. Additionally, transfer-pricing 
mechanisms are utilized not only for internal cost 
allocation but also as tools for tax optimization, often 
scrutinized by regulatory authorities for compliance 
with the arm’s length principle.Digitalization and Industry 4.0 technologies—including 
artificial intelligence, blockchain, and the Internet of 
Things (IoT)—are transforming international operations. 
These technologies facilitate real-time data analytics, 
enhance transparency in supply chains, and enable 
predictive decision-making. However, they also neces
sitate compliance with divergent data localization laws 
and cybersecurity regulations across jurisdictions.Sustainability and ESG integration are increasingly 
embedded in corporate strategy through frameworks 
such as carbon accounting, circular economy models, 
and impact investing. Firms are now expected to align 
with global standards like the United Nations Global 
Compact, ensuring adherence to principles related to 
human rights, labor, environment, and anti-corruption.Ultimately, competitive advantage .........................  international business is contingent ........................... a firm’s ability to integrate strategic, operational, financial, and technological capabilities while remaining adaptive ................... an evolving global ecosystem marked ....................... volatility, uncertainty, complexity, and ambiguity 
(VUCA). Match the terms in Column 1 with their correct 
definitions in Column 2.Column 1 Terms1. Transaction Cost Economics
2. Eclectic Paradigm
3. Institutional Voids
4. Global Value Chains
5. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)Column 2 Definitions(_) The absence or underdevelopment of market-supporting institutions(_) The system of cross-border production and 
distribution activities.(_) A framework explaining why firms expand 
internationally based on OLI advantages.(_) The costs associated with conducting and 
managing economic exchanges.(_) The ownership of business operations in a 
foreign country.Select the alternative that presents the correct 
sequence, from top to bottom. Alternativa A: 2 • 1 • 5 • 4 • 3 Ou Alternativa B: 3 • 2 • 4 • 5 • 1 Ou Alternativa C: 3 • 4 • 2 • 1 • 5 Ou Alternativa D: 5 • 3 • 1 • 2 • 4 Ou Alternativa E: 4 • 3 • 1 • 5 • 2

Qconcursos · Accepted Answer

Alternativa [C] 3 • 4 • 2 • 1 • 5 Gabarito: CFundamento decisivo: A decisão dependia de identificar, nas definições do próprio enunciado, qual termo correspondia a cada conceito. A sequência correta das associações é 3-4-2-1-5, o que leva à alternativa C.Tema central: estratégia internacionalAnálise das alternativasAErradaEstá errada porque a primeira definição, sobre ausência ou subdesenvolvimento de instituições, só pode ser 3 (Institutional Voids), e a alternativa marca 2. Além disso, desloca indevidamente Transaction Cost Economics para a definição de Global Value Chains, FDI para a definição de Eclectic Paradigm e Institutional Voids para a definição de FDI.BErradaEstá errada porque, embora acerte a primeira associação com 3, erra a terceira definição: a menção a vantagens OLI identifica necessariamente 2 (Eclectic Paradigm), não 4. Também erra a segunda ao associá-la a 2 em vez de 4, a quarta ao usar 5 em vez de 1 e a quinta ao usar 1 em vez de 5.CCertaA alternativa C está correta porque respeita todas as associações conceituais expressas no texto-base. A primeira definição corresponde a Institutional Voids (3), pois trata da ausência ou do subdesenvolvimento de instituições de suporte ao mercado. A segunda corresponde a Global Value Chains (4), porque descreve o sistema transfronteiriço de produção e distribuição. A terceira identifica o Eclectic Paradigm (2), já que menciona explicitamente as vantagens OLI. A quarta é Transaction Cost Economics (1), ligada aos custos de conduzir e gerir trocas econômicas. A quinta é FDI (5), definida como a propriedade de operações empresariais em país estrangeiro.DErradaEstá errada porque atribui 5 (FDI) à definição de ausência de instituições, o que não tem correspondência conceitual. Também troca Institutional Voids por Global Value Chains, Transaction Cost Economics por Eclectic Paradigm e, no final, erra de forma decisiva ao marcar 4 para 'ownership of business operations in a foreign country', definição que só corresponde a 5.EErradaEstá errada já no início: 4 (Global Value Chains) não significa ausência de instituições, e 3 (Institutional Voids) não significa sistema de produção e distribuição transfronteiriço. A segunda definição identifica diretamente 4, não 3, e as demais associações também ficam incompatíveis com os conceitos do enunciado.Pegadinha da questãoA confusão real estava em aproximar conceitos relacionados, mas distintos: Eclectic Paradigm não é FDI, e Institutional Voids não é Transaction Cost Economics. Outro risco era tratar Global Value Chains como conceito de investimento, quando a definição pedida é operacional, de produção e distribuição transfronteiriças.Dica para questões semelhantesEm questões de associação, identifique primeiro a definição mais específica e use-a como âncora para montar o restante da sequência.

Match the terms in Column 1 with their correct definitions...

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Gabarito: C

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