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Text 1

A number of researchers have studied conversations between speakers of English as a Lingua Franca (EFL) and have noted a number of surprising lexico-grammatical characteristics, including:

    •  Increasing of redundancy by adding “inexistent” prepositions (We have to study about...).

    •  Pluralisation of nouns which are considered uncountable in native-speaker English (informations, staffs).

    •  Interchangeable use of the relative pronouns who and which (a book who, a boy which).

    •  Omission of articles where they are mandatory in nativespeaker English.

    The evidence suggests that non-native speakers are not conforming to a native English standard. Truly, they seem to get along perfectly well despite the fact that they miss things out and put things in which ‘they should not do’.

(HARMER, J. The practice of English language teaching. 4th ed, Essex: Pearson Longman. Adaptado)

Text 2

    Teaching and learning English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) is probably the most radical and controversial approach to emerge in recent years.

    Proponents of ELF have already given some indications of how they think conventional approaches to English as a Foreign Language (EFL) should be changed. Jenkins (2000), for example, argues for different priorities in teaching English pronunciation. Teaching certain pronunciation features (which do not cause intelligibility problems), such as the articulation of ‘th’ as an interdental fricative, appears to be a waste of time whereas other common pronunciation problems (such as simplifying consonant clusters) contribute to problems of understanding.

(GRADOLL, H. English Next. UK: British Council, 2006. Adaptado)