Questões de Concurso
Comentadas sobre sinônimos | synonyms em inglês
Foram encontradas 1.059 questões
Ano: 2023
Banca:
VUNESP
Órgão:
AresPCJ - SP
Prova:
VUNESP - 2023 - AresPCJ - SP - Analista de Fiscalização e Regulação - Área: Engenharia Civil/Sanitária |
Q3554868
Inglês
Texto associado
Leia o texto para responder à questão.
The ecosystems, biomes and processes that regulate the
stability and resilience of the Earth system are under severe
pressure. So, it is timely to reflect on how our understanding
of tackling environmental problems has shifted, and what
factors make for successful outcomes.
Standard risk management approaches will not be
sufficient to address the complex societal, environmental and
economic systems and their interactions that characterize
nations across the world today. Reducing the loss of
biodiversity simply by establishing protected areas will not
succeed, when much biodiversity is found in areas under
production, both in agriculture and in the seas. Furthermore,
as the climate changes, habitat fragmentation restricts
species to smaller spaces, reduces genetic variability and
stresses ecosystems. Protected areas are important — but
are only part of the answer. Innovative ways are needed to
integrate development and biodiversity protection. There is
a risk of inadvertently making things worse, for example, by
expanding agriculture in ways that deplete soils, waste water
and increase desertification and deforestation.
STAP1 analysed 32 climate change mitigation and
chemicals and waste management projects worldwide. One
such project was based on the “circular economy concept”,
which aims to change the linear economic model based on
‘take, make, use, and dispose,’ to a more sustainable model
that is restorative and regenerative by design. The concept
ensures that the value of products, materials, and resources
is maintained in the economy at their highest value and
usefulness for as long as possible while minimizing waste.
A circular approach will also yield socio-economic gains.
Transitioning to the circular economy in five European
countries by 2030, apart from reducing carbon emissions by
two-thirds, would also lower business costs and increase the
workforce by about 4%, creating more than 1.2 million jobs,
including benefits across focal areas — and are ultimately
more transformational.
(https://www thegef.org. Adaptado)
STAP1 Scientific and Technical Advisory Panel — United Nations.
Inthe fragment from the second paragraph “Furthermore,
as the climate changes, habitat fragmentation restricts
species to smaller spaces”, the word in bold can be
replaced, without meaning change, by
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456993
Inglês
Texto associado
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells
into weapons against cancer
March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan
(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford
Medicine researchers have done something similar with
cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the
body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells
came from.
(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new
therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi
Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the
study's senior author. The research was published March
1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde,
PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.
(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use
the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer,
often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to
cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize
and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the
immune system that learns to identify and attack new
pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize
specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that
generate an immune response.
(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are
taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific
cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are
many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need
to guess which ones will be most potent.
(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to
recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic
the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way
a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize
pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because
special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of
the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that
tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like —
go get it."
(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to
gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer
cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to
attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to
recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to
wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.
(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at
transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his
colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells
into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be
naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.
(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells
reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T
cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the
cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the
RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell
Research and Medicine.
(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti
lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of
acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic
macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.
(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they
tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse
immune system, the mice successfully cleared the
cancer.
(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of
the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it
worked as well as it did."
(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created
from cancer cells were indeed acting as
antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the
cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune
system remembered what these cells taught them,"
Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice
over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still
had a strong immunological response that protected
them."
(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it
also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team
tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma,
breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of
cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we
still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three
cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to
significantly improved survival.
(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original
type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia
cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from
the same patient, they observed all the signs that would
be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells
how to attack the leukemia.
(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could
lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in
mice and a similar response with human patient immune
cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take
out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."
(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into
patients and transform enough cells to activate the
immune system against cancer without having to take
cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this
point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."
(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the
Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson
Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem
Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin
Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice
Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology
Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of
Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of
Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the
Stanford Cancer Institute.
(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
In the context of 8º§, what could be a synonym for
"hypothesized"?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Quadrix
Órgão:
CREFITO-14ª Região(PI)
Prova:
Quadrix - 2023 - CREFITO-14ª Região(PI) - Técnico em Informática |
Q2660119
Inglês
Texto associado
Text for items from 16 to 20.
1 Nowadays, occupational therapists have access
to many technological features that aid patients in
overcoming their physical limitations.
4 While many traditional OT methods are still
highly effective, using technology can help with patient
engagement, especially in the case of young children.
7For example, a child whose treatment includes drawing
or coloring can use an iPad, instead of crayons, messy
markers and coloring books to practice these skills.
10 Elderly patients can use virtual assistants, like
Alexa or Siri, to control their environment without having
to get up or ask others for help. While teaching patients
13 how to use a virtual assistant may sound unconventional,
keep in mind the goal of occupational therapy is to help
someone become more independent, which is something
16 a virtual assistant does.
Internet: (with adaptations).
In the period “Nowadays, occupational therapists have access to many technological features that aid patients in overcoming their physical limitations” (lines from 1 to 3), the adverb “nowadays” (line 1) can be correctly replaced by
Ano: 2023
Banca:
UNIVIDA
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Marumbi - PR
Prova:
UNIVIDA - 2023 - Prefeitura de Marumbi - PR - Professor de Inglês |
Q2645258
Inglês
Eating a wide variety of nutritious foods, including fruit, vegetables, nuts, seeds, and lean protein can help to support your overall health
(https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/50-super-healthy-foods).
Synonym is a word or phrase that has the same or almost the same meaning as another word or phrase in the same language
(https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/synonym).
Analyzing the excerpt from the base text, mark the alternative that represents synonym
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUNATEC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Palmeirante - TO
Prova:
FUNATEC - 2023 - Prefeitura de Palmeirante - TO - Professor de Letras/Inglês |
Q2645062
Inglês
Um sinônimo para GENERALLY seria:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUNDATEC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Iomerê - SC
Prova:
FUNDATEC - 2023 - Prefeitura de Iomerê - SC - Professor de Língua Inglesa |
Q2643563
Inglês
Texto associado
Scientists study the world’s oldest person
- After being bewildered by the “super grandmother’s” great health at 116 years old,
- scientists are studying Maria Branyas, the world’s oldest person, in an attempt to unearth the
- secret to a long life. Mr. Branyas was born __ San Francisco __ 1907, and __ the age of eight,
- she moved __ Catalonia, Spain, where her family was originally from. Ms. Branyas, known to her
- X followers as the “Super Catalan Grandma”, has lived in the region ever since and has resided
- in the same nursing home, Residència Santa María del Tura, for the last 22 years.
- She has agreed to undergo scientific testing, which researchers hope will further their
- understanding of certain illnesses associated with old age, such as neurodegenerative or
- cardiovascular diseases. Despite her age, Ms. Branyas has no health complications other than
- mobility issues and hearing (she suffered permanent hearing loss when she was a child). She also
- still has a great memory: “She has a completely lucid head,” scientist Manel Esteller told ABC, a
- Spanish outlet. “She remembers with impressive clarity episodes of her when she was only four
- years old, and she does not present any cardiovascular disease, common in elderly people.”
- Esteller, who studies genetics and how it applies to health conditions, became curious about how
- Ms. Branyas’ genetic makeup might affect her aging. After a long talk with Ms. Branyas, Mr.
- Esteller believes there must be more to her longevity than meets the eye.
- The remarkable woman has not had an easy life; she survived an earthquake while she
- was in the US, a major fire, both world wars, the Spanish Civil War, the Spanish Flu pandemic,
- and more recently, COVID-19 in 2020. Despite the various pandemics, wars, and family losses
- she has endured, her longevity has made scientists question what her secret could be. “We know
- Maria’s chronological age, 116 years, but we must determine her biological age,” Esteller said to
- ABC, believing that “she is much younger” physically. The scientist has taken biological samples
- of saliva, blood, and urine from Ms. Branyas, which are thought to be the “longest-lived” biological
- samples and have great scientific value, Josep Carreras, the head of a leukemia research institute,
- said to ABC. The samples will be compared with the 116-year-old’s middle daughter, who is 79
- years old.
- Ms. Branyas often has been asked what her secret is to her long life, and she uses her X
- account to post her advice for others. She attributed her longevity to “order, tranquillity, good
- connection with family and friends, contact with nature, emotional stability, no worries, no
- regrets, lots of positivity, and staying away from toxic people”. However, she also credits a great
- amount of luck. “It is clear that there is a genetic component because there are several members
- of her family who are over 90 years old,” said Esteller. The rare biological samples will assess her
- genes, which will hopefully advance the research of drugs that could help diseases associated
- with age and cancer. As for Ms. Branyas, she said on her X account that she is “very happy she
- can be useful for research and progress”.
(Available in: https://www.independent.co.uk/extras/lifestyle/maria-branyas-oldest-person-alive-spain-b2436228.html – text especially adapted for this test).
The word “bewildered” in line 01 could be replaced, with no significant changes in meaning, by any of the words bellow, EXCEPT for:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FUNDATEC
Órgão:
IFC-SC
Prova:
FUNDATEC - 2023 - IFC-SC - Professor - Área: Português/Inglês |
Q2639842
Inglês
In which statement “to be afraid” IS NOT a synomim of “to have fear”?
Q2532153
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO
We' ve been given no shortage of digital tools that should, in theory, help us work better, with more focus and efficiency,
and connect us more easily with our colleagues. Instead,
email, instant messaging, remote-meeting apps, work-flow
and project-management software can feel like buckets with
holes in the bottom, maddeningly inadequate to the task of keeping us from drowning in work. It' s clear that something in the great digital-workplace experiment has gone wrong. Or
maybe it' s more accurate to say that it' s still too early to expect that we would have figured out how to make things go right. "We' re working now with new technologies that only emerged in the "90s," says Cal Newport, a Georgetown computer-science professor. "The idea that we immediately figured out the best way to use them is ahistorical. Of course we haven' t gotten it right yet."
Disponível em http://www.nytimes.com (adaptado).
A expressão sublinhada no trecho "The idea that we immediately figured out the best way to use them is
ahistorical" pode ser substituída, sem prejuízo do sentido, por
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Instituto Access
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Passos - MG
Prova:
Instituto Access - 2023 - Prefeitura de Passos - MG - PEB - Língua Inglesa |
Q2347996
Inglês
Texto associado
11.30.2023
City lawmakers in Brazil have enacted what appears to be the
nation’s first legislation written entirely by artificial intelligence
(AI) — even if they didn’t know it at the time.
The experimental ordinance was passed in October in the southern
city of Porto Alegre and city councilman Ramiro Rosário revealed
that it was written by a chatbot, sparking objections and raising
questions about the role of artificial intelligence in public policy.
Rosário told The Associated Press that he asked OpenAI’s chatbot
ChatGPT to craft a proposal to prevent the city from charging
taxpayers to replace water consumption meters if they are stolen.
He then presented it to his 35 peers on the council without making
a single change or even letting them know about its
unprecedented origin. The 36-member council approved it
unanimously and the ordinance went into effect on Nov. 23.
The arrival of ChatGPT on the marketplace just a year ago has
sparked a global debate on the impacts of potentially
revolutionary AI-powered chatbots. While some see it as a
promising tool, it has also caused concerns and anxiety about the
unintended or undesired impacts of a machine handling tasks
currently performed by humans.
Porto Alegre, with a population of 1.3 million, is the second-largest
city in Brazil’s south. The city’s council president, Hamilton
Sossmeier, found out that Rosário had enlisted ChatGPT to write
the proposal when the councilman bragged about the
achievement on social media. Sossmeier initially told local media
he thought it was a “dangerous precedent.”
The AI large language models that power chatbots like ChatGPT
work by repeatedly trying to guess the next word in a sentence and
are prone to making up false information, a phenomenon
sometimes called hallucination.
All chatbots sometimes introduce false information when
summarizing a document, ranging from about 3% of the time for
the most advanced GPT model to a rate of about 27% for one of
Google’s models, according to recently published research by the
tech company Vectara.
In an article published on the website of Harvard Law School’s
Center of Legal Profession earlier this year, Andrew Perlman,
wrote that ChatGPT “is a machine learning system, it may not have
the same level of understanding and judgment as a human lawyer
when it comes to interpreting legal principles and precedent. This
could lead to problems in situations where a more in-depth legal
analysis is required”.
There was no such transparency for Rosário’s proposal in Porto
Alegre. Sossmeier said Rosário did not inform fellow council
members that ChatGPT had written the proposal.
Rosário told the AP his objective was also to spark a debate. He
said he entered a 49-word prompt into ChatGPT and it returned
the full draft proposal within seconds, including justifications.
And the council president, who initially decried the method,
already appears to have been swayed. “I changed my mind,”
Sossmeier said. “I started to read more in depth and saw that,
unfortunately or fortunately, this is going to be a trend.”
( (<https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/11/30/brazil-artificial-intelligenceporto-alegre/9f576ecc-8fb2-11ee-95e1-edd75d825df0_story.htm>(adapted))
“Rosário told The Associated Press that he asked OpenAI’s chatbot
ChatGPT to craft a proposal to prevent the city from charging
taxpayers to replace water consumption meters if they are stolen.”
In above sentence, the word in bold type cannot be substituted for
In above sentence, the word in bold type cannot be substituted for
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Unesc
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Balneário Rincão - SC
Prova:
Unesc - 2023 - Prefeitura de Balneário Rincão - SC - Professor de Inglês |
Q2346885
Inglês
Texto associado
Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Palpa
(1º§) Located in the arid Peruvian coastal plain, some
400 km south of Lima, the geoglyphs of Nasca and the
pampas of Jumana cover about 450 km2 . These lines,
which were scratched on the surface of the ground
between 500 B.C. and A.D. 500, are among
archaeology's greatest enigmas because of their
quantity, nature, size and continuity. The geoglyphs
depict living creatures, stylized plants and imaginary
beings, as well as geometric figures several kilometres
long. They are believed to have had ritual astronomical
functions.
(2º§) Located in the arid Peruvian coastal plain, some
400 km south of Lima, the Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca
and Pampas de Jumana are one of the most
impressive-looking archaeological areas in the world and
an extraordinary example of the traditional and millenary
magical-religious world of the ancient Pre-Hispanic
societies which flourished on the Peruvian south coast
between the 8th century BC and the 8th century AD.
They are located in the desert plains of the basin river of Rio Grande de Nasca, the archaeological site covers an
area of approximately 75,358.47 Ha where for nearly
2,000 uninterrupted years, the region's ancient
inhabitants drew on the arid ground a great variety of
thousands of large scale zoomorphic and
anthropomorphic figures and lines or sweeps with
outstanding geometric precision, transforming the vast
land into a highly symbolic, ritual and social cultural
landscape that remains until today. They represent a
remarkable manifestation of a common religion and
social homogeneity that lasted a considerable period of
time.
(3º§) They are the most outstanding group of geoglyphs
anywhere in the world and are unmatched in its extent,
magnitude, quantity, size, diversity and ancient tradition
to any similar work in the world. The concentration and
juxtaposition of the lines, as well as their cultural
continuity, demonstrate that this was an important and
long-lasting activity, lasting approximately one thousand
years. Intensive study of the geoglyphs and comparison
with other manifestations of contemporary art forms
suggests that they can be divided chronologically from
the Middle and Late Formative (500 BC − 200 AD) to the
Regional Development Period (200 − 500 AD),
highlighting the Paracas phase (400 - 200 BC) and the
Nasca phase (200 BC - 500 AD). There are two
categories of glyphs: the first group is representational,
depicting in schematic form a variety of natural forms
including animals, birds, insects, and other living
creatures and flowers, plants, and trees, deformed or
fantastic figures and objects of everyday life. There are
very few anthropomorphic figures. The second group
comprises the lines, which are generally straight lines
that criss-cross certain parts of the pampas in all
directions. Some are several kilometres in length and
form designs of many different geometrical figures -
triangles, spirals, rectangles, wavy lines, etc. Others
radiate from a central promontory or encircle it. Yet
another group consists of so-called 'tracks', which appear
to have been laid out to accommodate large numbers of
people.
(4º§) Criterion (i): The Nasca Lines and Geoglyphs form
a unique and magnificent artistic achievement of the
Andean culture that is unrivalled in its extension,
dimensions and diversity and long existence anywhere in
the prehistoric world.
(5º§) Criterion (iii): The Nasca and Pampas de Jumana
Lines and Geoglyphs, through its unique form of land
use, are an exceptional testimony of the culture and
magical-religious tradition and beliefs of the societies that
developed in Pre-Columbian South America between the
8th BC and 8th AD centuries.
(6º§) Criterion (iv): The system of lines and geoglyphs,
which has survived intact for more than two millennia,
evidences an unusual way of using the land and the
natural environment that represent a highly symbolic
cultural landscape, using a construction technology that
allowed them to design large-scale figures with
outstanding geometric precision.
(7º§) The Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de
Jumana, with their protection area that extends over
75,358.47 Ha, are well defined and include all physical
aspects that convey the Outstanding Universal Value of
the property, including its surrounding landscape with
which they make up an indivisible unit in a harmonious
relationship that has survived virtually unaltered over the
centuries.
(8º§) The Pleistocene alluvial terrace, currently with
occasional water activity (only during the El Niño
Southern Oscillation - ENSO) and the low rainfall rates
(the lowest in the world), determine desert climate
characteristics and extreme aridity that have favoured the
preservation of the Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and
Pampas de Jumana. Likewise, harmful human activity
has caused no severe impact on the property, so the
geoglyphs and cultural landscape have remained intact
for nearly two millennia, from their design in the 8th
century BC to nowadays. The cleaning and preservation
works performed have not affected the property's integrity
and have promoted their conservation.
(9º§) The construction of the South Pan-American
Highway, which directly crosses the property, has caused
damages in some lines and figures sectors. However,
most of the lines and figures are in fair condition.
(10º§) The authenticity of the Lines and Geoglyphs of
Nasca and Pampas de Jumana is indisputable. The
method of their formation, by removing the overlying
weathered gravels to reveal the lighter bedrock, is such
that their authenticity is assured. The creation, design,
morphology, size and variety of the geoglyphs and lines
correspond to the original designs produced during the
historic evolution of the region's and have remained
unchanged. The ideology, symbolism and sacred and
ritual character of the geoglyphs and the landscape are
clearly represented, and their significance remains intact
even today.
(11º§) The concentration and overlapping of lines and
figures provide a clear evidence of long and intense
activity in the territory, reflecting the millenary
magical-religious tradition of this activity by pre-Hispanic
societies and the historic continuity in Nasca's Rio
Grande river basin. The property also shows different
social process stages. Several historic sources and
researches confirm the property's originality and its
original landscape surroundings still preserved in pristine
condition and unaltered.
(12º§) Even though there have been some impacts
caused by natural and human factors, these have been
minimal and the geoglyphs maintain their authenticity and
express their high symbolic and historic value even
today.
(13º§) The National Constitution (Art 36) and Law Nº
28296, General Law for National Cultural Heritage are
the main legal protection tools for the Lines and
Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana,
(14º§) The protection area boundaries are established by
Resolution Nº 421/INC as an Archaeological Reserve.
However, it has been recommended to redefine those boundaries according to the lines and geoglyphs' real
distribution in the field and submit a new proposal to the
World Heritage Committee.
(15º§) Since 1941 foreign scientists (notably Dr. Maria
Reiche) and the Ministry of Culture have carried out
archaeological investigation, conservation, permanent
protection and maintenance measures.
(16º§) The management and protection of the Lines and
Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana is the
responsibility of the Peruvian Government represented by
the Ministry of Culture. Documentation, research,
protection and dissemination activities are being
performed through the implementation of national and
international research projects and civil associations, in
the territory of Nasca and Palpa provinces.
(17º§) A management plan "Sistema de Gestión para el
Patrimonio Cultural y Natural del territorio de Nasca y
Palpa" for the entire area, which is fundamental in the
protection of the Lines and Geoglyphs, has been
formulated and is being implemented.
https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/700/
What does "unrivalled" mean in the sentence: "[...]
unrivalled in its extension, dimensions, and diversity [...]"
(4º§)?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Itame
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Novo Gama - GO
Prova:
Itame - 2023 - Prefeitura de Novo Gama - GO - Professor - Inglês |
Q2345006
Inglês
Texto associado
2023 Theme
Green Skills for Youth: Towards a Sustainable
World
Today, the world is embarking on a green transition.
The shift towards an environmentally sustainable and
climate-friendly world is critical not only for
responding to the global climate crisis but also for
achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
A successful transition towards a greener world will
depend on the development of green skills in the
population. Green skills are “knowledge, abilities,
values and attitudes needed to live in, develop and
support a sustainable and resource-efficient society”.
These include technical knowledge and skills that
enable the effective use of green technologies and
processes in occupational settings, as well as
transversal skills that draw on a range of knowledge,
values and attitudes to facilitate environmentally
sustainable decisions in work and in life. Due to their
interdisciplinary nature, the essence of green skills is
sometimes expressed, partly if not wholly, through
other associated terms such as “skills for the future”
and “skills for green jobs”. While green skills are
relevant for people of all ages, they have heightened
importance for younger people, who can contribute to
the green transition for a longer period of time.
https://www.un.org/en/observances/youth-day
The phrase “The shift towards an environmentally
sustainable and climate-friendly world” Shift means
Ano: 2023
Banca:
OBJETIVA
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Capela de Santana - RS
Prova:
OBJETIVA - 2023 - Prefeitura de Capela de Santana - RS - Professo - Séries Finais - Inglês |
Q2343030
Inglês
Which item correctly displays a synonym for the word
“sad”?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
OBJETIVA
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Capela de Santana - RS
Prova:
OBJETIVA - 2023 - Prefeitura de Capela de Santana - RS - Professo - Séries Finais - Inglês |
Q2343025
Inglês
Check the item that correctly displays an antonym for
the underlined word:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
SELECON
Órgão:
SEDUC-MT
Prova:
SELECON - 2023 - SEDUC-MT - Professor da Educação Básica - Letras - Língua Inglesa |
Q2335659
Inglês
Texto associado
TEXT:
How do people overcome fossilization and achieve nativelike fluency in second language acquisition?
There are a lot of common misconceptions about fossilization
and language development. It's impossible to correct all of them
in a post here, but I'll address a few that have been mentioned
below.
Fossilization is a stage at which a second language speaker
seems to cease making progress toward becoming more targetlike in his or her use of the language, so a "learning plateau" is a
reasonable analogy. The comparison wherein "the L2 learner has
his own linguistic system" that's still influenced by L1 and other
things is known as the "interlanguage." The question researchers
cannot conclusively answer is whether or not that "plateau" is
reversible after a certain point, be it age, fluency level, etc., in
order to start making progress again.
Different people are motivated by different things, which range
from need (to pass a test, to get a job, to watch movies without
subtitles, to make friends, etc.) to learning style (preferring to
study from texts, liking/disliking impromptu, small-talk with people
just to practice, preference for/against learning formal rules, and
aptitude). It is easy to remember verb conjugations. There is no
single formula.
Finding someone who can correct your errors tactfully and
effectively most certainly does not need to be demotivating,
depressing or draining whatsoever. I'm a very fluent non-native
speaker of Spanish, and I actively request that my native speaker
(NS) friends correct me when I make a mistake, or use a phrase
that sounds funny in their dialect, etc. How else will I learn?
It's fascinating to learn little details like that now after so many
years. As long as they don't do it in a mocking or condescending
way, or at a socially inappropriate time, why wouldn't I want their
help? Of course, if you correct a beginner every time they try to
utter a sentence, it could be discouraging - and obnoxious - but
everything in moderation.
One of the biggest cognitive challenges is whether or not L2
speakers can learn to consciously notice differences between
their L2 efforts and the way a NS talks. There are decades of
research on this (my own included) and I'll gladly give references
if anyone actually cares. Noticing falls into two broad categories.
First, the ability to "notice the gap," i.e. hear a NS say a
sentence and think, "Hmm, I understand what he meant but I've
never heard that word before; it must mean ___" or "I know what
he meant but it would not have occurred to me to say it that
way; I'll try to remember that for later." The second is the ability
to "notice the hole," i.e. when the L2 learner is trying to speak/
write and realizes that his "interlanguage" lacks a word, sound or
structure needed to accurately convey his own thought. If he can
seek the input necessary to fill the hole, he has a much stronger
chance of acquiring it. The thought processes involved during
that moment are holding the forms (or lack thereof) in working
memory, and the longer it stays there for further processing, the
greater the possibility that it is retained in long-term memory for
later use. The NS interlocutor can help promote noticing through
corrective feedback (also a subject of decades of research, for
which I'm also happy to provide resources if anyone is genuinely
interested.)
I have been using a variety of strategies for years as a language
coach when working with my clients, whether helping IT executives
from India and Egypt learn to write more grammatically accurate
e-mail or helping priests from Nigeria improve prosodic aspects
of their pronunciation (i.e. stress and intonation patterns.)
Each person is different. I have found no evidence to support
the argument that a person who has fossilized cannot begin to
make progress again toward a more target-like L2 use at least
in some areas, with the right motivation, input and effort. The
question is only about how much progress, in what areas, in
how much time, and through what methods.
Adapted form: https://www.quora.com/How-do-people-overcome-fossilization-andachieve-native-like-fluency-in-second-language-acquisition
Acesso em 22/09/2023
No trecho “I'll address a few that have been mentioned
below”, pode-se substituir o termo destacado, sem prejuízo de
significado, por:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FGV
Órgão:
Câmara dos Deputados
Prova:
FGV - 2023 - Câmara dos Deputados - Câmara dos Deputados - Analista Legislativo - Contador - Manhã |
Q2335045
Inglês
Texto associado
The Future Of Accounting:
How Will Digital Transformation Impact Accountants?
In business, as in life, change is the only true constant. From
mitigating unprecedented business disruptors to adapting to new
operational paradigms, professionals in all industries find
themselves dealing with major changes — many of them driven
by emerging technologies.
Accounting is no exception. The profession has moved far
beyond mere bookkeeping and payroll, and like its partner
procurement, it’s taking an increasingly strategic role for forward-thinking businesses. While some pundits say accounting has a
dim future in the digital world of tomorrow, technologies such as
cloud-based data management, process automation and
advanced analytics are actually poised to further elevate
accountants in new and empowering ways.
As far back as 2015, industry leaders were sounding the death
knell for accountants, convinced emerging technologies —
particularly automation — would end in death by digital for
accountancy as we know it. And as recently as 2019, accountants
surveyed by Robert Half on the impact of automation on their
profession expressed concerns about being replaced, having
fewer opportunities for creative problem-solving and an
overdependence on tech in completing daily tasks.
Yet, the events between then and now, including the Covid-19 pandemic, have instead shown that accountants, like other
professionals, need to worry much more about adaptation than
replacement.
There's no question that digital transformation has radically
changed the playing field. Big data has become a rich resource
that needs to be tapped to compete effectively. But for
businesses ready to leverage the potential of digital tools, this
shift is an opportunity, not a threat.
[…]
Both the skill set and the job description for tomorrow's
accountant will be greatly expanded, while still hewing to the
core competencies of the profession. Supported by technology in
a collaborative setting, accounting teams will be populated with
both dedicated accounting professionals and subject matter
experts from other areas of the business.
Tomorrow's accountants may play an advisory role,
welcoming business intelligence and procurement professionals
and working to chart a strategic sourcing plan. They could
leverage data management tools, including augmented reality, to
humanize and contextualize spend data for the C-suite to make
better decisions based on long-term value rather than return on
investment alone.
With more diverse skill sets and greater technical acumen,
accountants can bring their own expertise to teams in other
business units, providing crucial financial intelligence, refining
budgets or ensuring compliance. […]
As a function, accounting may become less about refining
one's skill set through certifications and more about core
competencies that grow over time, with a focus on lifelong
education and skill development required to take on a complex,
ever-changing business environment.
Automation and other data-driven technologies are poised to
free accountants, not constrain them. Organizations that understand the potential and importance of these technologies
— and invest in the tools and training required to help their
accountants take full advantage — will be ahead of the curve.
Tomorrow's accountants will play a more creative and strategic
role in their companies. As a result, their businesses will not only
enjoy more efficient workflows and reap more useful insights
from their accounting processes, but help strengthen their own
resiliency, agility and competitive footing.
Adapted from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbestechcouncil/2021/05/19/thefuture-of-accounting-how-will-digital-transformation-impactaccountants/?sh=343b437853fb
The verb in “were sounding the death knell” can be replaced
without change in meaning by
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IGEDUC
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Surubim - PE
Prova:
IGEDUC - 2023 - Prefeitura de Surubim - PE - Professor II - Língua Inglesa |
Q2334591
Inglês
Julgue o item que se segue.
In the sentence: “It is abundantly clear that trade does not
fill stomachs, and if anyone does get rich from it, it is
seldom if ever both the parties concerned.” The word
“seldom” can be replaced by “rarely” without changing the
meaning of the sentence.
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FGV
Órgão:
Câmara dos Deputados
Prova:
FGV - 2023 - Câmara dos Deputados - Analista Legislativo - Informática Legislativa - Manhã |
Q2326036
Inglês
Texto associado
Read Text II and answer the question that follow it
Text II
Boy cries Wolf
After astonishing breakthroughs in artificial intelligence,
many people worry that they will end up on the economic
scrapheap. Global Google searches for “is my job safe?” have
doubled in recent months, as people fear that they will be
replaced with large language models (LLMS). Some evidence
suggests that widespread disruption is coming. In a recent paper
Tyna Eloundou of OpenAI and colleagues say that “around 80% of
the US workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks
affected by the introduction of LLMS”. Another paper suggests
that legal services, accountancy and travel agencies will face
unprecedented upheaval.
Economists, however, tend to enjoy making predictions about
automation more than they enjoy testing them. In the early
2010s many of them loudly predicted that robots would kill jobs
by the millions, only to fall silent when employment rates across
the rich world rose to all-time highs. Few of the doom-mongers
have a good explanation for why countries with the highest rates
of tech usage around the globe, such as Japan, Singapore and
South Korea, consistently have among the lowest rates of
unemployment.
Here we introduce our first attempt at tracking AI’s impact on
jobs. Using American data on employment by occupation, we
single out white-collar workers. These include people working in
everything from back-office support and financial operations to
copy-writers. White-collar roles are thought to be especially
vulnerable to generative AI, which is becoming ever better at
logical reasoning and creativity.
However, there is as yet little evidence of an AI hit to
employment. In the spring of 2020 white-collar jobs rose as a
share of the total, as many people in service occupations lost
their job at the start of the covid-19 pandemic. The white-collar
share is lower today, as leisure and hospitality have recovered.
Yet in the past year the share of employment in professions
supposedly at risk from generative AI has risen by half a
percentage point.
It is, of course, early days. Few firms yet use generative-AI
tools at scale, so the impact on jobs could merely be delayed.
Another possibility, however, is that these new technologies will
end up destroying only a small number of roles. While AI may be
efficient at some tasks, it may be less good at others, such as
management and working out what others need.
AI could even have a positive effect on jobs. If workers using
it become more efficient, profits at their company could rise
which would then allow bosses to ramp up hiring. A recent survey
by Experis, an IT-recruitment firm, points to this possibility. More
than half of Britain’s employers expect AI technologies to have a
positive impact on their headcount over the next two years, it
finds.
To see how it all shakes out, we will publish updates to this
analysis every few months. But for now, a jobs apocalypse seems
a way off.
From The Economist June 17th 2023, p. 71
“as yet” in “there is as yet little evidence” (4th paragraph) can be
replaced without significant change of meaning by
Ano: 2023
Banca:
FGV
Órgão:
Câmara dos Deputados
Prova:
FGV - 2023 - Câmara dos Deputados - Analista Legislativo - Informática Legislativa - Manhã |
Q2326032
Inglês
Texto associado
Read Text II and answer the question that follow it
Text II
Boy cries Wolf
After astonishing breakthroughs in artificial intelligence,
many people worry that they will end up on the economic
scrapheap. Global Google searches for “is my job safe?” have
doubled in recent months, as people fear that they will be
replaced with large language models (LLMS). Some evidence
suggests that widespread disruption is coming. In a recent paper
Tyna Eloundou of OpenAI and colleagues say that “around 80% of
the US workforce could have at least 10% of their work tasks
affected by the introduction of LLMS”. Another paper suggests
that legal services, accountancy and travel agencies will face
unprecedented upheaval.
Economists, however, tend to enjoy making predictions about
automation more than they enjoy testing them. In the early
2010s many of them loudly predicted that robots would kill jobs
by the millions, only to fall silent when employment rates across
the rich world rose to all-time highs. Few of the doom-mongers
have a good explanation for why countries with the highest rates
of tech usage around the globe, such as Japan, Singapore and
South Korea, consistently have among the lowest rates of
unemployment.
Here we introduce our first attempt at tracking AI’s impact on
jobs. Using American data on employment by occupation, we
single out white-collar workers. These include people working in
everything from back-office support and financial operations to
copy-writers. White-collar roles are thought to be especially
vulnerable to generative AI, which is becoming ever better at
logical reasoning and creativity.
However, there is as yet little evidence of an AI hit to
employment. In the spring of 2020 white-collar jobs rose as a
share of the total, as many people in service occupations lost
their job at the start of the covid-19 pandemic. The white-collar
share is lower today, as leisure and hospitality have recovered.
Yet in the past year the share of employment in professions
supposedly at risk from generative AI has risen by half a
percentage point.
It is, of course, early days. Few firms yet use generative-AI
tools at scale, so the impact on jobs could merely be delayed.
Another possibility, however, is that these new technologies will
end up destroying only a small number of roles. While AI may be
efficient at some tasks, it may be less good at others, such as
management and working out what others need.
AI could even have a positive effect on jobs. If workers using
it become more efficient, profits at their company could rise
which would then allow bosses to ramp up hiring. A recent survey
by Experis, an IT-recruitment firm, points to this possibility. More
than half of Britain’s employers expect AI technologies to have a
positive impact on their headcount over the next two years, it
finds.
To see how it all shakes out, we will publish updates to this
analysis every few months. But for now, a jobs apocalypse seems
a way off.
From The Economist June 17th 2023, p. 71
The adjective in “astonishing breakthroughs” (1st paragraph) is
similar in meaning to
Ano: 2023
Banca:
CESPE / CEBRASPE
Órgão:
MRE
Prova:
CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - MRE - Oficial de Chancelaria |
Q2324508
Inglês
Texto associado
Text 1A2-I
Languages are more to us than systems of thoughttransference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves
about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic
expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we
call it literature. Art is so personal an expression that we do not
like to feel that it is bound to predetermined form of any sort.
The possibilities of individual expression are infinite, language in
particular is the most fluid of mediums. Yet some limitation there
must be to this freedom, some resistance of the medium.
In great art there is the illusion of absolute freedom. The
formal restraints imposed by the material are not perceived; it is
as though there were a limitless margin of elbow room between
the artist’s fullest utilization of form and the most that the
material is innately capable of. The artist has intuitively
surrendered to the inescapable tyranny of the material, made its
brute nature fuse easily with his conception. The material
“disappears” precisely because there is nothing in the artist’s
conception to indicate that any other material exists. For the time
being, he, and we with him, move in the artistic medium as a fish
moves in the water, oblivious of the existence of an alien
atmosphere. No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the
law of his medium than we realize with a start that there is a
medium to obey.
Language is the medium of literature as marble or bronze
or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Since every language has
its distinctive peculiarities, the innate formal limitations—and
possibilities—of one literature are never quite the same as those
of another. The literature fashioned out of the form and substance
of a language has the color and the texture of its matrix. The
literary artist may never be conscious of just how he is hindered
or helped or otherwise guided by the matrix, but when it is a
question of translating his work into another language, the nature
of the original matrix manifests itself at once. All his effects have
been calculated, or intuitively felt, with reference to the formal
“genius” of his own language; they cannot be carried over
without loss or modification. Croce is therefore perfectly right in
saying that a work of literary art can never be translated.
Nevertheless, literature does get itself translated, sometimes with
astonishing adequacy.
Edward Sapir. Language: an introduction to the study of speech. 1921 (adapted)
The word “oblivious”, in the fragment “oblivious of the existence
of an alien atmosphere” (fifth sentence of the second paragraph)
is being used, in text 1A2-I, with the same meaning as
Ano: 2023
Banca:
CESGRANRIO
Órgão:
Transpetro
Provas:
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 1: Administração
|
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 2: Advocacia |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase: 3: Análise Ambiental |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase: 5: Análise de Sistemas: Segurança Cibernética e da Informação |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase: 4: Análise de Sistemas - Infraestrutura |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 6: Processos de Negócios |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 7: Análise de Sistemas - Sap - Finanças e Contabilidade |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 8: Comercialização e Logística - Comércio e Suprimentos |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 9: Comercialização e Logística - Transporte Marítimo |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Jornalismo Junior: Ênfase: 10: Comunicador Social - Jornalismo |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 11: Comunicador Social - Publicidade e Propaganda |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 12: Comunicador Social - Relações Públicas |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 13: Contabilidade |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 19: Engenharia de Produção |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 24: Engenharia Mecânica |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 20: Engenharia de Segurança |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 21: Engenharia de Telecomunicações |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 14: Enfermagem do Trabalho |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 15: Engenharia Ambiental |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 16: Engenharia Civil |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 22: Engenharia Elétrica |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 28 Serviço Social |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 27: Pedagogia |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 23: Engenharia Geotécnica |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 17: Engenharia de Automação |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 18: Engenharia de Inspeção |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 25: Engenharia Naval |
CESGRANRIO - 2023 - Transpetro - Profissional Transpetro de Nível Superior - Junior: Ênfase 26: Engenharia Química |
Q2324387
Inglês
Texto associado
How space technology is bringing
green wins for transport
1 Space technology is developing fast, and, with
every advance, it is becoming more accessible to
industry. Today, satellite communications (satcoms)
and space-based data are underpinning new ways
of operating that boost both sustainability and
profitability. Some projects are still in the planning
stages, offering great promise for the future. However,
others are already delivering practical results.
2 The benefits of space technology broadly fall
into two categories: connectivity that can reach into
situations where terrestrial technologies struggle to
deliver and the deep, unique insights delivered by
Earth Observation (EO) data. Both depend on access
to satellite networks, particularly medium earth orbit
(MEO) and low earth orbit (LEO) satellites that offer
low-latency connectivity and frequently updated data.
Right now, the satellite supplier market is booming,
driving down the cost of access to satellites. Suppliers
are increasingly tailoring their services to emerging
customer needs and the potential applications are
incredible – as a look at the transportation sector
shows.
3 Satellite technology is a critical part of
revolutionizing connectivity on trains. The Satellites
for Digitalization of Railways (SODOR) project will
provide low latency, highly reliable connectivity that,
combined with monitoring sensors, will mean near realtime data guides operational decisions. This insight
will help trains run more efficiently with fewer delays
for passengers. Launching this year, SODOR will help
operators reduce emissions by using the network
more efficiently, allowing preventative maintenance
and extending the lifetime of some existing trains. It
will also make rail travel more attractive and help shift
more passengers from road to rail (that typically emits
even less CO2
per passenger than electric cars do).
4 Satellite data and communications will also play
a fundamental role in shaping a sustainable future
for road vehicles. Right now, the transport sector
contributes around 14% of the UK’s greenhouse gas
emissions, of which 91% is from road vehicles – and
this needs to change.
5 A future where Electric Vehicles (EV) dominate
will need a smart infrastructure to monitor and control
the electricity network, managing highly variable
supply and demand, as well as a large network of
EV charging points. EO data will be critical in future
forecasting models for wind and solar production, to
help manage a consistent flow of green energy.
6 Satellite communications will also be pivotal. As
more wind and solar installations join the electricity
network – often in remote locations – satcoms will step in to deliver highly reliable connectivity where 4G
struggles to reach. It will underpin a growing network
of EV charging points, connecting each point to the
internet for operational management purposes, for
billing and access app functionality and for the users’
comfort, they may access the system wherever they
are.
7 Satellite technology will increasingly be a part of
the vehicles themselves, particularly when automated
driving becomes more mainstream. It will be essential
for every vehicle to have continuous connectivity to
support real-time software patches, map updates
and inter-vehicle communications. Already, satellites
provide regular software updates to vehicles and
enhanced safety through an in-car emergency call
service.
8 At our company, we have been deeply embedded
in the space engineering for more than 40 years – and
we continue to be involved with the state-of-the-art
technologies and use cases. We have a strong track
record of translating these advances into practical
benefits for our customers that make sense on both a
business and a sustainability level.
Available at: https://www.cgi.com/uk/en-gb/blog/space/how-space-technology-is-bringing-green-wins-to-transport. Retrieved on
April 25, 2023. Adapted.
In the fragment in the sixth paragraph of the text “Satellite
communications will also be pivotal”, the word pivotal
can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
Conheça nossos planos