Leia o texto para responder às questões de números 36 a 42.

While the potential benefits or drawbacks of children playing video games receive a lot of attention, little notice is taken of the place of children within video games themselves.

A recent survey at the Anglia Ruskin University, Great Britain, investigated how children were represented in over 500 commercially successful video games, aimed both at adults and at children, published between 2009 and 2019. Although video games are often considered a children’s medium, it was found that, out of the 506 video games analysed, 331 did not contain any child characters at all. In the remaining titles that did feature a child character, less than half of them were significant characters.

How “the child” is treated in media like video games is a reflection of the morals of wider society. If a game treats children badly without explicitly condemning this treatment, it violates these morals. This accounts for the absence of child characters in controversial open-world games that predominantly invite players to steal cars, shoot people, and evade the police.

Children were also absent from games that aren’t particularly violent. Child characters did not feature in the majority of sports, racing or music games. Because the majority of children are excluded from the world of work, games that simulate aspects of real industries represent virtual environments that are only populated with adults.

Child characters in video games can also tell us about how society visualises the figure of the child. Adult characters in video games are more likely to be white and male. This same pattern was observed in the research on child characters. Where playable child characters were given a gender, 25 were male and six were female. The lack of playable girl characters reinforces the idea that boys are at the centre of the action and girls exist only on the sidelines.

Animal or other non-human characters were more common than non-white child characters. This echoes a problem in western children’s literature: non-human characters appear less frequently than white child protagonists but significantly outnumber child protagonists of all other races. Examining the digital kids that populate virtual gameworlds is a great way to show that how societies perceive “the child” is often in a narrow and exclusionary way.

(Emma Joy Reay. www.theconversation.com, 01.06.2022. Adaptado)

Leia o texto para responder às questões de números 36 a 42.

While the potential benefits or drawbacks of children playing video games receive a lot of attention, little notice is taken of the place of children within video games themselves.

A recent survey at the Anglia Ruskin University, Great Britain, investigated how children were represented in over 500 commercially successful video games, aimed both at adults and at children, published between 2009 and 2019. Although video games are often considered a children’s medium, it was found that, out of the 506 video games analysed, 331 did not contain any child characters at all. In the remaining titles that did feature a child character, less than half of them were significant characters.

How “the child” is treated in media like video games is a reflection of the morals of wider society. If a game treats children badly without explicitly condemning this treatment, it violates these morals. This accounts for the absence of child characters in controversial open-world games that predominantly invite players to steal cars, shoot people, and evade the police.

Children were also absent from games that aren’t particularly violent. Child characters did not feature in the majority of sports, racing or music games. Because the majority of children are excluded from the world of work, games that simulate aspects of real industries represent virtual environments that are only populated with adults.

Child characters in video games can also tell us about how society visualises the figure of the child. Adult characters in video games are more likely to be white and male. This same pattern was observed in the research on child characters. Where playable child characters were given a gender, 25 were male and six were female. The lack of playable girl characters reinforces the idea that boys are at the centre of the action and girls exist only on the sidelines.

Animal or other non-human characters were more common than non-white child characters. This echoes a problem in western children’s literature: non-human characters appear less frequently than white child protagonists but significantly outnumber child protagonists of all other races. Examining the digital kids that populate virtual gameworlds is a great way to show that how societies perceive “the child” is often in a narrow and exclusionary way.

(Emma Joy Reay. www.theconversation.com, 01.06.2022. Adaptado)

Read text Ill to do questions 28 and 29.

TEXT III

Who Is Kamala Harris?

Kamala Harris is the vice president of the United States, making her the first female vice president and first Black person and Asian American to hold the position. After attending Howard University and the University of California's Hastings College of the Law, Kamala Harris embarked on a rise through the California legal system, emerging as state attorney general in 2010. Following the November 2016 elections, Harris became just the second African American woman and the first South Asian American to win a seat in the U.S. Senate. She declared her candidacy for the 2020 U.S. presidential election on Martin Luther King Jr. Day 2019 but dropped out of the race before the end of the year. In August 2020, Joe Biden announced Harris as vice presidential running mate and after a clóse race, Biden and Harris were elected in November 2020.

Adapted from: <https://www biography.com/political-figure/kamala-harris>

Read text Il to answer questions 25 to 27.

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TEXT II

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The Positive and Negative Effects of Technology on Your Life

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As a society, we've come a long way with the help of technology. But 'is it all rainbows and sunshine? Technology is around us everywhere, from simple devices like our smartphones, laptop, and TV to background tech that we don't even notice. Once we get the hang of using tech the right way, it can improve our lives and make our lives better. On the other hand, tech can also make our lives harder. Whether technology has a positive or negative effect on our lives, it all depends on how we use it. So, lets look at some of the positive and negative aspects of technology in our lives, shall we?

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Positives of Technology in Our Lives

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1. Technology Boosts Business Many new tech advancements and innovations are made by and for businesses. Why? Because companies are always looking to upgrade their products and services for profit. The purpose is to boost business and make the daily management of enterprises more systematic, structured, and successful.

2. Technology Makes Shopping Online Possible Advancements in tech have made it easier and cheaper for more people to access the internet. Currently, most people prefer to shop online without leaving the house because of its sheer convenience.

3. Technology Has Advanced Education One of the most downplayed areas of technology that has dramatically improved over the past few vears is education. A few examples include the availability of ontine courses, accessibility of web seminars, and unlimited online resources for research. Before tech, you'd have to physically go to class, attend a meeting or go to the library to do research. Now, education is easier for everyone, no matter where you live.

4. Technology Makes Everyday Life Better Tech has made an immensely positive impact on the daily lives of everyday people. Some positive examples include improvements in the transportation system and househola items.

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Negatives of Technology in Our Lives

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1. Technology Causes Health Problems Apart from creating unhealthy sleeping patterns, electronic devices can cause digital eye strain, poor posture, and increased inactivity, leading to health problems like obesity.

2. Technology Creates Job Insecurity Job loss and downsizing are two significant adverse effects of technology. Because of advances in the tech field such as Al integration, automating and accomplishing tasks have become easy.

3. Tech Products Lack Longevity Technology grows incredibly quickly, so the digital devices and gadgets that we use have a short lifespan and become outdated in a matter of months. These pieces of tech can be pushed aside by newer.

4. Technology Spawns Misinformation and Fake News The spread of misinformation and fake news online is nothing new. However, with all the developments that happen so frequently in technology, it has become harder to define what's true and what's not.

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Adapted from: <https:/www makeuseof.com/effects-of-technology-on-life/>

Read text Il to answer questions 25 to 27.

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TEXT II

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The Positive and Negative Effects of Technology on Your Life

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As a society, we've come a long way with the help of technology. But 'is it all rainbows and sunshine? Technology is around us everywhere, from simple devices like our smartphones, laptop, and TV to background tech that we don't even notice. Once we get the hang of using tech the right way, it can improve our lives and make our lives better. On the other hand, tech can also make our lives harder. Whether technology has a positive or negative effect on our lives, it all depends on how we use it. So, lets look at some of the positive and negative aspects of technology in our lives, shall we?

f

Positives of Technology in Our Lives

f

1. Technology Boosts Business Many new tech advancements and innovations are made by and for businesses. Why? Because companies are always looking to upgrade their products and services for profit. The purpose is to boost business and make the daily management of enterprises more systematic, structured, and successful.

2. Technology Makes Shopping Online Possible Advancements in tech have made it easier and cheaper for more people to access the internet. Currently, most people prefer to shop online without leaving the house because of its sheer convenience.

3. Technology Has Advanced Education One of the most downplayed areas of technology that has dramatically improved over the past few vears is education. A few examples include the availability of ontine courses, accessibility of web seminars, and unlimited online resources for research. Before tech, you'd have to physically go to class, attend a meeting or go to the library to do research. Now, education is easier for everyone, no matter where you live.

4. Technology Makes Everyday Life Better Tech has made an immensely positive impact on the daily lives of everyday people. Some positive examples include improvements in the transportation system and househola items.

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Negatives of Technology in Our Lives

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1. Technology Causes Health Problems Apart from creating unhealthy sleeping patterns, electronic devices can cause digital eye strain, poor posture, and increased inactivity, leading to health problems like obesity.

2. Technology Creates Job Insecurity Job loss and downsizing are two significant adverse effects of technology. Because of advances in the tech field such as Al integration, automating and accomplishing tasks have become easy.

3. Tech Products Lack Longevity Technology grows incredibly quickly, so the digital devices and gadgets that we use have a short lifespan and become outdated in a matter of months. These pieces of tech can be pushed aside by newer.

4. Technology Spawns Misinformation and Fake News The spread of misinformation and fake news online is nothing new. However, with all the developments that happen so frequently in technology, it has become harder to define what's true and what's not.

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Adapted from: <https:/www makeuseof.com/effects-of-technology-on-life/>