Questões de Concurso Sobre inglês
Foram encontradas 25.701 questões
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542905
Inglês
Texto associado
Analyze the music and answer the question
A Few Small Bruises
Maria Mena
Out here on the ledge
I'm not far away from stepping off
I've finally picked out my cloud
It's the one over there
Surrounded by all that air
You reached out your hand
And said I understand
So why not come down
Well except for a few small bruises, cuts, and scars well
I'm fine
Except for a few small bruises, cuts, and scars well I'm
fine
Thank you for asking
I'm so glad we had this moment here
I know they think I'm crazy
But everything I am is what I was taught to be
You reached out your hand
And said I understand
So why not come down
And as you read my words out loud
Make me sound genius
Make me sound special
And maybe I'll come down
And as you read my words out loud
Make me sound genuis
Make me sound special
And maybe I'll come down
Fonte: https://www.letras.mus.br/mariamena/acesso em: 06 de out. 2023.
Taking into consideration the 3rd verse of the song,
which of the following options best expresses the
emotional or physical state of the narrator?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542904
Inglês
In the sentence “The roof that the dog was found on is
believed to have broken off the house and been washed
out to sea by the retreating waters of the devastating
tsunami.” The highlighted verbs are respectively in the:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542903
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text and answer the question
Contemporary Culture.
In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.
When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.
Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.
Read the sentence, "When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested…"
The highlighted word is classified as:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542902
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text and answer the question
Contemporary Culture.
In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.
When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.
Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.
According to the author of the text, the power of the rap
revolution in contemporary society consists in the
possibility of being:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542901
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text and answer the question
Contemporary Culture.
In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.
When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.
Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.
Regarding the text, rap music has become one of the
spaces where discourse is used in a way that invites the
dominant culture to:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542900
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text and answer the question
Contemporary Culture.
In contemporary black popular culture, rap music has become one of the spaces where black vernacular speech is used in a manner that invites dominant mainstream culture to listen — to hear — and, to some extent, be transformed. However, one of the risks of this attempt at cultural translation is that it will trivialize black vernacular speech.
When young white kids imitate this speech in ways that suggest it is the speech of those who are stupid or who are only interested in entertaining or being funny, then the subversive power of this speech is undermined.
Fonte: HOOKS, B. Teaching to Transgress. New York: Routledge, 1994. Acesso em: 07 de out. 2023.
Identify the main idea expressed in the text about rap
music and black vernacular discourse in contemporary
culture.
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542899
Inglês
Texto associado
ANALISE OS QUADRINHOS E RESPONDA À QUESTÃO.
Fonte:http://www.comicstriparchive.com/Beetle_Bailey/acesso em: 06 de 0ut. de 2023.
The term "At" in the fourth panel can be classified as:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542898
Inglês
Texto associado
ANALISE OS QUADRINHOS E RESPONDA À QUESTÃO.
Fonte:http://www.comicstriparchive.com/Beetle_Bailey/acesso em: 06 de 0ut. de 2023.
The sentence structure "Subject + verb to be + verb with
-ing + complement" in the fourth panel can be classified
as:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
Gama Consult
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT
Prova:
Gama Consult - 2023 - Prefeitura de Juscimeira - MT - Professor (Letras/Inglês) |
Q3542896
Inglês
Texto associado
Analyze the sentence and answer the question
Fonte: https://odb.org/ministeriospaodiario. Acesso em: 06 de out. de 2023.
Based on the phrase "Our Daily Bread Radio WITH
YOU, EVERY MOMENT OF THE DAY!" Which of
the following objectives is most likely the
advertisement aiming for?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457003
Inglês
Read the sentence below:
"Mister Marvel was very sick and had a weak heart. He ___ have had a heart attack."
Choose the sentence with the correct modal verb to the sentence structure:
"Mister Marvel was very sick and had a weak heart. He ___ have had a heart attack."
Choose the sentence with the correct modal verb to the sentence structure:
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457002
Inglês
Consider the sentence below:
"Today, I'm making a meat loaf for my uncle."
Which pronoun can substitute the underlined words in the sentence above?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457001
Inglês
Select the alternative that the quantifier is used
incorrectly.
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3457000
Inglês
What evidence from the research supports the potential
application of the developed cancer vaccine strategy?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456999
Inglês
Consider the excerpts below.
I.Natasha drinks a lot, doesn't she?
II.Let's try to play the guitar again, shall we?
III.Your aunt has never been out of the city, wouldn't she?
In which (of them) the tag question(s) is(are) correctly used?
I.Natasha drinks a lot, doesn't she?
II.Let's try to play the guitar again, shall we?
III.Your aunt has never been out of the city, wouldn't she?
In which (of them) the tag question(s) is(are) correctly used?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456998
Inglês
Regarding the use of the genitive, judge the sentences
below and indicate which ones are correct.
I."Savannah Rose and Luke's house is far from here." II."I'll look for a classy watch for John's gift." III."The boys' toys."
I."Savannah Rose and Luke's house is far from here." II."I'll look for a classy watch for John's gift." III."The boys' toys."
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456997
Inglês
Read the sentence below:
"She ___ a successful career in finance before she decided to start her own business."
What is the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence?
"She ___ a successful career in finance before she decided to start her own business."
What is the correct form of the verb to complete the sentence?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456996
Inglês
Texto associado
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells
into weapons against cancer
March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan
(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford
Medicine researchers have done something similar with
cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the
body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells
came from.
(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new
therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi
Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the
study's senior author. The research was published March
1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde,
PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.
(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use
the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer,
often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to
cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize
and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the
immune system that learns to identify and attack new
pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize
specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that
generate an immune response.
(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are
taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific
cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are
many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need
to guess which ones will be most potent.
(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to
recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic
the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way
a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize
pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because
special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of
the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that
tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like —
go get it."
(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to
gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer
cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to
attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to
recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to
wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.
(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at
transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his
colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells
into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be
naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.
(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells
reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T
cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the
cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the
RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell
Research and Medicine.
(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti
lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of
acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic
macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.
(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they
tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse
immune system, the mice successfully cleared the
cancer.
(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of
the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it
worked as well as it did."
(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created
from cancer cells were indeed acting as
antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the
cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune
system remembered what these cells taught them,"
Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice
over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still
had a strong immunological response that protected
them."
(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it
also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team
tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma,
breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of
cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we
still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three
cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to
significantly improved survival.
(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original
type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia
cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from
the same patient, they observed all the signs that would
be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells
how to attack the leukemia.
(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could
lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in
mice and a similar response with human patient immune
cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take
out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."
(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into
patients and transform enough cells to activate the
immune system against cancer without having to take
cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this
point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."
(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the
Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson
Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem
Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin
Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice
Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology
Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of
Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of
Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the
Stanford Cancer Institute.
(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
What does the phrasal verb "take out" mean in the
sentence "In the future we might be able to take out
tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine" (15º§)?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456995
Inglês
Texto associado
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells
into weapons against cancer
March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan
(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford
Medicine researchers have done something similar with
cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the
body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells
came from.
(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new
therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi
Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the
study's senior author. The research was published March
1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde,
PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.
(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use
the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer,
often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to
cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize
and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the
immune system that learns to identify and attack new
pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize
specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that
generate an immune response.
(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are
taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific
cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are
many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need
to guess which ones will be most potent.
(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to
recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic
the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way
a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize
pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because
special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of
the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that
tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like —
go get it."
(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to
gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer
cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to
attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to
recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to
wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.
(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at
transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his
colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells
into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be
naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.
(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells
reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T
cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the
cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the
RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell
Research and Medicine.
(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti
lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of
acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic
macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.
(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they
tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse
immune system, the mice successfully cleared the
cancer.
(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of
the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it
worked as well as it did."
(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created
from cancer cells were indeed acting as
antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the
cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune
system remembered what these cells taught them,"
Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice
over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still
had a strong immunological response that protected
them."
(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it
also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team
tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma,
breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of
cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we
still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three
cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to
significantly improved survival.
(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original
type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia
cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from
the same patient, they observed all the signs that would
be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells
how to attack the leukemia.
(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could
lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in
mice and a similar response with human patient immune
cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take
out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."
(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into
patients and transform enough cells to activate the
immune system against cancer without having to take
cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this
point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."
(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the
Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson
Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem
Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin
Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice
Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology
Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of
Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of
Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the
Stanford Cancer Institute.
(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Regarding the format, how would you classify the text
provided above?
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456994
Inglês
Texto associado
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells
into weapons against cancer
March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan
(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford
Medicine researchers have done something similar with
cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the
body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells
came from.
(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new
therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi
Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the
study's senior author. The research was published March
1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde,
PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.
(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use
the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer,
often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to
cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize
and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the
immune system that learns to identify and attack new
pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize
specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that
generate an immune response.
(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are
taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific
cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are
many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need
to guess which ones will be most potent.
(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to
recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic
the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way
a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize
pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because
special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of
the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that
tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like —
go get it."
(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to
gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer
cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to
attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to
recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to
wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.
(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at
transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his
colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells
into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be
naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.
(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells
reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T
cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the
cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the
RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell
Research and Medicine.
(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti
lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of
acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic
macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.
(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they
tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse
immune system, the mice successfully cleared the
cancer.
(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of
the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it
worked as well as it did."
(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created
from cancer cells were indeed acting as
antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the
cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune
system remembered what these cells taught them,"
Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice
over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still
had a strong immunological response that protected
them."
(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it
also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team
tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma,
breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of
cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we
still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three
cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to
significantly improved survival.
(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original
type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia
cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from
the same patient, they observed all the signs that would
be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells
how to attack the leukemia.
(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could
lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in
mice and a similar response with human patient immune
cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take
out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."
(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into
patients and transform enough cells to activate the
immune system against cancer without having to take
cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this
point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."
(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the
Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson
Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem
Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin
Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice
Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology
Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of
Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of
Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the
Stanford Cancer Institute.
(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
Rewrite the sentence "[...], the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs" (10º§) in the
passive voice.
Ano: 2023
Banca:
IDCAP
Órgão:
Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT
Prova:
IDCAP - 2023 - Prefeitura de Vila Rica - MT - Professor - Inglês |
Q3456993
Inglês
Texto associado
Stanford Medicine scientists transform cancer cells
into weapons against cancer
March 1, 2023 - By Christopher Vaughan
(1º§) Some cities fight gangs with ex-members who educate kids and starve gangs of new recruits. Stanford
Medicine researchers have done something similar with
cancer — altering cancer cells so that they teach the
body's immune system to fight the very cancer the cells
came from.
(2º§) "This approach could open up an entirely new
therapeutic approach to treating cancer," said Ravi
Majeti, MD, PhD, a professor of hematology and the
study's senior author. The research was published March
1 in Cancer Discovery. The lead author is Miles Linde,
PhD, a former PhD student in immunology who is now at
the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Institute in Seattle.
(3º§) Some of the most promising cancer treatments use
the patient's own immune system to attack the cancer,
often __ taking the brakes off immune responses to
cancer or by teaching the immune system to recognize
and attack the cancer more vigorously. T cells, part of the
immune system that learns to identify and attack new
pathogens such as viruses, can be trained to recognize
specific cancer antigens, which are proteins that
generate an immune response.
(4º§) For instance, in CAR T-cell therapy, T cells are
taken from a patient, programmed to recognize a specific
cancer antigen, then returned to the patient. But there are
many cancer antigens, and physicians sometimes need
to guess which ones will be most potent.
(5º§) A better approach would be to train T cells to
recognize cancer via processes that more closely mimic
the way things naturally occur in the body — like the way
a vaccine teaches the immune system to recognize
pathogens. T cells learn to recognize pathogens because
special antigen presenting cells (APCs) gather pieces of
the pathogen and show them to the T cells in a way that
tells the T cells, "Here is what the pathogen looks like —
go get it."
(6º§) Something similar in cancer would be for APCs to
gather up the many antigens that characterize a cancer
cell. That way, instead of T cells being programmed to
attack one or a few antigens, they are trained to
recognize many cancer antigens and are more likely to
wage a multipronged attack on the cancer.
(7º§) Now that researchers have become adept at
transforming one kind of cell into another, Majeti and his
colleagues had a hunch that if they turned cancer cells
into a type of APC called macrophages, they would be
naturally adept at teaching T cells what to attack.
(8º§) "We hypothesized that maybe cancer cells
reprogrammed into macrophage cells could stimulate T
cells because those APCs carry all the antigens of the
cancer cells they came from," said Majeti, who is also the
RZ Cao Professor, assistant director of the Institute for
Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and
director of the Ludwig Center for Cancer Stem Cell
Research and Medicine.
(9º§) The study builds on prior research from the Majeti
lab showing that cells taken from patients with a type of
acute leukemia could be converted into non-leukemic
macrophages with many of the properties of APCs.
(10º§) In the current study, the researchers programmed
mouse leukemia cells so that some of them could be
induced to transform themselves into APCs. When they
tested their cancer vaccine strategy on the mouse
immune system, the mice successfully cleared the
cancer.
(11º§) "When we first saw the data showing clearance of
the leukemia in the mice __ working immune systems, we were blown away," Majeti said. "We couldn't believe it
worked as well as it did."
(12º§) Other experiments showed that the cells created
from cancer cells were indeed acting as
antigen-presenting cells that sensitized T cells to the
cancer. "What's more, we showed that the immune
system remembered what these cells taught them,"
Majeti said. "When we reintroduced cancer to these mice
over 100 days after the initial tumor inoculation, they still
had a strong immunological response that protected
them."
(13º§) "We wondered, If this works with leukemias, will it
also work with solid tumors?" Majeti said. The team
tested the same approach using mouse fibrosarcoma,
breast cancer, and bone cancer. "The transformation of
cancer cells from solid tumors was not as efficient, but we
still observed positive results," Majeti said. With all three
cancers, the creation of tumor-derived APCs led to
significantly improved survival.
(14º§) Lastly, the researchers returned to the original
type of acute leukemia. When the human leukemia
cell-derived APCs were exposed to human T cells from
the same patient, they observed all the signs that would
be expected if the APCs were indeed teaching the T cells
how to attack the leukemia.
(15º§) "We showed that reprogrammed tumor cells could
lead to a durable and systemic attack on the cancer in
mice and a similar response with human patient immune
cells," Majeti said. "In the future we might be able to take
out tumor cells, transform them into APCs and give them
back to patients as a therapeutic cancer vaccine."
(16º§) "Ultimately, we might be able to inject RNA into
patients and transform enough cells to activate the
immune system against cancer without having to take
cells out first," Majeti said. "That's science fiction __ this
point, but that's the direction we are interested in going."
(17º§) The work was supported by funding from the
Ludwig Foundation for Cancer Research, the Emerson
Collective Cancer Research Fund, the New York Stem
Cell Foundation, the Stinehart-Reed Foundation, the
Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, the J. Benjamin
Eckenhoff Fund, the Blavatnik Family Fellowship, the
Deutsche Forschungsgemainshaft, the Knut and Alice
Wallenberg Foundation, the Stanford Human Biology
Research Exploration Program, the National Institutes of
Health (grant F31CA196029), the American Society of
Hematology, the A.P. Giannini Foundation, and the
Stanford Cancer Institute.
(adapted)
med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/03/cancer-hematology.html
PROFESSOR INGLÊS - 1 8
In the context of 8º§, what could be a synonym for
"hypothesized"?
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