Brazilian learners often base their pronunciation on spelling. This tendency is understandable, given that Portuguese pronunciation closely aligns with its orthography, making it easier to transfer these habits to the acquisition of a second language. Nonetheless, it is crucial to recognize pronunciation as a vital component of effective communication, demanding clarity and comprehensibility. In order to foment that habit, educators may use the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), which provides symbols that accurately represent the standard sounds produced during speech. Integrating the IPA to various pedagogical approaches can significantly enhance students’ pronunciation skills. According to IPA transcriptions quoted by Swan (2005, p.xxx), the words house, occasion, cheap, with, think are pronounced as follows:

Language teaching has been characterized by several methods and approaches which were popular at some point and declined over the years. There are many elements when it comes to teaching a foreign language from theory of language to roles of materials. Which of the following describes a language teaching based mainly on grammar teaching and courses segmented into separate language skills with preoccupation with rules as described in Brown (2007)?

Read the following text to answer the question bellow:

      Literacy involves having the wherewithal to base one’s interpretive and creative decisions on one’s personal purposes, one’s understanding of the medium one is working with, and the conditions of possibility of reception, acceptance, or rejection by others.      The importance of the medium translates into a number of pedagogical goals for language and literacy education:

• To develop learners’ ability to reflect on relationships between language forms and their material contexts.
• To make learners aware of how those relationships change over time and through different mediums and different cultures of reading (i.e., to make learners aware of the historical precedents that have helped shape the communication technologies they use).
• To develop learners’ ability to analyze mediums to identify their ideological (or commercial) underpinnings, and to be aware of how mediums can be used to manipulate consumers and citizens, and to resist such manipulation. To accomplish these goals, teachers should engage learners with questions about how the new media born of the digital age relate to ‘old’ media, and perhaps even ancient media, to allow them to discover what aspects of literacy have remained relatively constant, which have changed, and what the significance of those changes might be.
KERN, Richard. Language, literacy, and technology. Cambridge University Press, 2019.

Based on the text, which of the following best describes the pedagogical goals for language and literacy education in the context of media?

KUMARAVADIVELU, B. (1994, p.28-29) points out three important categories of language teaching method: language-centered, learnercentered and learning-centered. Although, from the practitioner’s point of view, none of these methods can be realized in their purest form in the actual classroom, the sample below can be classified as follow:

Introductory classroom Young EFL learners in an English language school. Teacher starts the class asking a strong learner, ‘Enzo, how are you?’ The learner responds, ‘Fine, how are you?’. The teacher continues, asking different learners, who respond in turn: Teacher: Sophia, how are you? Student: Fine, how are you? Teacher: Francisco, how are you? Student: Fine, how are you? Teacher: Valentina, how are you? Student: Fine, how are you? If a learner struggles to produce the response, the teacher demonstrates the correct utterance by first mouthing the syllables and then saying them aloud if necessary. The teacher corrects pronunciation, particularly emphasizing the /h/ sound in ‘how’ by breathing on her/his hand as if using a mirror, and drills the prompts with the students. The activity continues until every learner has been asked and has provided the correct response. 

“Em termos práticos, a acepção convencional de conhecimento e sujeito, fundamentada na lógica da concentração, do individualismo e da normatização, remonta ao modelo liberal-positivista de educação que “transmite” uma verdade universal e acabada a um sujeito que a recebe de maneira diretiva e que a devolve a contento de modelos previamente determinados pela instituição escolar. Ao passo que a acepção pós-moderna de conhecimento e de sujeito tenta romper com a ideia de transmissão ao compreender o conhecimento como construção sociocultural. Nessa perspectiva, a produção de sentidos passa a ser compreendida sob o viés da colaboração, cujas significações devem ser mediadas pela escola.” (Duboc, 2015, p. 668) 
In Avaliação da aprendizagem de línguas e os multiletramentos, Duboc (2015) states that the emergence of new literacies in the post-typographical society is closely related to a new understanding of subject, language and meaning making processes. Regarding knowledge construction in both moments discussed by the author, it is correct to say that:

Fonte: Disponível em: https://www.cartoonstock.com/ cartoon?searchID=CS249584. Acesso em: 2 ago. 2024.


The comic cartoons, frequently, highlight an interesting linguistic construction often censured by grammarians: the use of double negatives to articulate a single negation. The critique of double negatives is based on the notion that negation is an absolute concept; something is either present or absent, and adding a second negative into a sentence does not make it more negative than it was before. However, Swan (2005, p. 364) reminds us that “multiple negatives are sometimes used instead of simple positive structures for special stylistic effects. This is rather literary; in spoken English, it can seem unnatural or old-fashioned”. In which of the alternatives bellow there is a purposeful use of a double negative structure for stylistic gains?

Read the following text to answer the question bellow:

      The use of the word ‘America’ in the singular and without an adjective may shock the reader. In the expressions ‘God bless America’ or ‘Make America great again’, the part is taken for the whole. In Latin America, people speak more accurately of the Americas - Las Americas. ‘America’ was the baptismal name given in I507 by the German cartographer Martin Waldseemüller in Saint-Diédes-Vosges, based on the voyage of the Italian Amerigo Vespucci to only the southern half of the Western hemisphere. The symbolic cornering of its two continents by English-speaking and Protestant America, ignoring the Romance languages and Catholic traditions in the rest of the New World, has since expressed the relationship of forces between them. In what follows, the word designates less a state and a territory than a certain form of civilization.
DEBRAY, Regis. Civilization. How we all became American. Verso: London, 2019.

According to the text, what does the use of the term ‘America’ without an adjective signify in the context of English-speaking and Protestant America?

Read the following text to answer the question bellow:

      According to Dudley-Evans and St John (1998, 10-11), there are several widely-believed essential advantages of ESP courses: they are more motivating than EGP courses as they focus on the learner’s needs, more cost-effective, and the aims are widely accepted by learners. However, the level of motivation depends on the individual learner especially in ESP as learners seek variety from the commonly addressed topics. The problem here is that it is, naturally, easier to do specific work with highly motivated students whereas with less motivated students teachers tend to stick with more general work and topics. In ESP, it is crucial to present any teaching activity in a context regardless of the aim.        Dudley-Evans and St John distinguish in this respect “carrier content” and “real content” (1998, 11): carrier content describes an authentic topic to teach the real content which is the language of process.
KOPPITSCH, Gerlinde. Teaching English for Specific Purposes. An action research project. Master Thesis. Alpen-Adria-Universität Klagenfurt, Klagenfurt, 2019.

According to the text, what is a crucial aspect of teaching English for Specific Purposes (ESP) courses?

It is believed students should develop their communicative competence since the main aim of learning a foreign language is to communicate in an effective way. In order to do so, teachers play a pivotal role when planning and delivering their lessons which are expected to develop students’ competences in the language. 

What are the four main elements of the communicative competence framework presented by Canale and Swain (1980) which is the foundation of many studies on English language teaching like Almeida Filho (2005)?