Cow Threat

Cows are walking machines. They transform materials (grass, hay, water, and feed) into finished products (milk, beef, leather, and so on).

As any factory, cows produce waste. Solid waste is eliminated through the rear end of these ‘complex machines’, and it is used as fertilizer.

The fermentation process in their four stomachs produces gas. These walking machines have two chimneys: one in the front end, and other in the rear end. Gaseous emissions through the front end chimney are called burps. Cows burp a lot. Every minute and half these burps release methane gas. Methane is dangerous to the planet because it contributes to the greenhouse effect.

The world population is growing very fast. That means there are more people eating beef. Consequently, there is more cattle – more walking machines – producing more methane gas.

This is the problem, but very few people want to change their eating habits. What about you? 

Cow Threat

Cows are walking machines. They transform materials (grass, hay, water, and feed) into finished products (milk, beef, leather, and so on).

As any factory, cows produce waste. Solid waste is eliminated through the rear end of these ‘complex machines’, and it is used as fertilizer.

The fermentation process in their four stomachs produces gas. These walking machines have two chimneys: one in the front end, and other in the rear end. Gaseous emissions through the front end chimney are called burps. Cows burp a lot. Every minute and half these burps release methane gas. Methane is dangerous to the planet because it contributes to the greenhouse effect.

The world population is growing very fast. That means there are more people eating beef. Consequently, there is more cattle – more walking machines – producing more methane gas.

This is the problem, but very few people want to change their eating habits. What about you? 

                                    TSUNAMI VICTIM

                                                 By Charles Choi | October 25, 2017 1:00 pm

Paragraph 1 Tsunamis have claimed hundreds of thousands of lives in the

                     past two decades.Now a new study finds that a 6,000-year-old

                     skull may come from the earliest known victim of these killer

                     waves.

Paragraph 2 The partial human skull was discovered in 1929 buried in a

                     mangrove swamp outside the small town of Aitape Papua New

                     Guinea, about 500 miles north of Australia. Scientists originally

                     thought it belonged to an ancient extinct human species, Homo

                     erectus. However, subsequent research dated it to about 5,000

                     or 6,000 years in age, suggesting that it instead belonged to a

                     modern human.

                     A Rare Specimen

Paragraph 3 The skull is one of just two examples of ancient human remains

                     found in Papua New Guinea after more than a century of work

                     there. As such, archaeologists wanted to learn more about this

                     skull to elucidate how people settled this region.

Paragraph 4 The scientists went back to where this skull was found and

                     sampled the soil in which itwas discovered. They focused on

                     details such as sediment grain size and composition.

Paragraph 5 In the sediment, the researchers discovered a range of

                     microscopic organisms from the ocean known as diatoms. These

                     were similar to ones found in the soil after a 1998 tsunami killed

                     more than 2,000 people in Papua New Guinea — for instance,

                     their shells of silicawere broken, likely by extremely powerful

                     forces.

Paragraph 6 These diatom shells, combined with the chemical compositions

                     and the size ranges of the grains, all suggest that a tsunami

                     occurred when the skull was buried. The researchers suggested

                     the catastrophe either directly killed the person or ripped open

                     their grave.

Paragraph 7 Tsunamis, which are giant waves caused by earthquakes,

                     volcanic eruptions or underwater landslides, are some of the

                     deadliest natural disasters known. The 2004 tsunami in the

                     Indian Ocean killed more than 230,000 people, a higher death

                     toll than any fire or hurricane.

Paragraph 8 The site where the skull was found is currently about 7.5 miles

                     away from thecoast. Still, the researchers noted that back when

                     whoever the skull belonged to wasalive, sea levels were higher,

                     and the area would have been just behind the shoreline.

Paragraph 9 The waves of the tsunami that hit Papua New Guinea in 1998

                     reached more than 50 feet high and penetrated up to three miles

                     inland. “If the event we have identified resulted from a similar

                     process, it could have also resulted in extremely high waves,”

                     study co-lead author Mark Golitko, an archaeologist at the

                     University of Notre Dame in Indiana and the Field Museum in

                     Chicago.

Paragraph 10 These results show “that coastal populations have been

                       vulnerable to such events for thousands of years,” Golitko said.

                       “People have managed to live with such unpredictable and

                       destructive occurrences, but it highlights how vulnerable people

                        living near the sea can be. Given the far larger populations that

                        live along coastlines today, the potential impacts are far more

                        severenow.”

Paragraph 11 Golitko plans to return to the area over thenext few years “to

                       further study the frequency of such events, how the

                       environment changed over time, and how people have coped

                      with the environmental challenges of living in that environment.”

                      He and his colleagues detailed their findings Wednesday in the

                       journal PLOS O.

                                         Retrieved and adapted from:

               <http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/dbrief/2017/10/25/first-tsunami-

                      victim/#.WfYiYmhSzIU>Accessed on October, 29th, 2017. 

                                    TSUNAMI VICTIM

                                                 By Charles Choi | October 25, 2017 1:00 pm

Paragraph 1 Tsunamis have claimed hundreds of thousands of lives in the

                     past two decades.Now a new study finds that a 6,000-year-old

                     skull may come from the earliest known victim of these killer

                     waves.

Paragraph 2 The partial human skull was discovered in 1929 buried in a

                     mangrove swamp outside the small town of Aitape Papua New

                     Guinea, about 500 miles north of Australia. Scientists originally

                     thought it belonged to an ancient extinct human species, Homo

                     erectus. However, subsequent research dated it to about 5,000

                     or 6,000 years in age, suggesting that it instead belonged to a

                     modern human.

                     A Rare Specimen

Paragraph 3 The skull is one of just two examples of ancient human remains

                     found in Papua New Guinea after more than a century of work

                     there. As such, archaeologists wanted to learn more about this

                     skull to elucidate how people settled this region.

Paragraph 4 The scientists went back to where this skull was found and

                     sampled the soil in which itwas discovered. They focused on

                     details such as sediment grain size and composition.

Paragraph 5 In the sediment, the researchers discovered a range of

                     microscopic organisms from the ocean known as diatoms. These

                     were similar to ones found in the soil after a 1998 tsunami killed

                     more than 2,000 people in Papua New Guinea — for instance,

                     their shells of silicawere broken, likely by extremely powerful

                     forces.

Paragraph 6 These diatom shells, combined with the chemical compositions

                     and the size ranges of the grains, all suggest that a tsunami

                     occurred when the skull was buried. The researchers suggested

                     the catastrophe either directly killed the person or ripped open

                     their grave.

Paragraph 7 Tsunamis, which are giant waves caused by earthquakes,

                     volcanic eruptions or underwater landslides, are some of the

                     deadliest natural disasters known. The 2004 tsunami in the

                     Indian Ocean killed more than 230,000 people, a higher death

                     toll than any fire or hurricane.

Paragraph 8 The site where the skull was found is currently about 7.5 miles

                     away from thecoast. Still, the researchers noted that back when

                     whoever the skull belonged to wasalive, sea levels were higher,

                     and the area would have been just behind the shoreline.

Paragraph 9 The waves of the tsunami that hit Papua New Guinea in 1998

                     reached more than 50 feet high and penetrated up to three miles

                     inland. “If the event we have identified resulted from a similar

                     process, it could have also resulted in extremely high waves,”

                     study co-lead author Mark Golitko, an archaeologist at the

                     University of Notre Dame in Indiana and the Field Museum in

                     Chicago.

Paragraph 10 These results show “that coastal populations have been

                       vulnerable to such events for thousands of years,” Golitko said.

                       “People have managed to live with such unpredictable and

                       destructive occurrences, but it highlights how vulnerable people

                        living near the sea can be. Given the far larger populations that

                        live along coastlines today, the potential impacts are far more

                        severenow.”

Paragraph 11 Golitko plans to return to the area over thenext few years “to

                       further study the frequency of such events, how the

                       environment changed over time, and how people have coped

                      with the environmental challenges of living in that environment.”

                      He and his colleagues detailed their findings Wednesday in the

                       journal PLOS O.

                                         Retrieved and adapted from:

               <http://blogs.discovermagazine.com/dbrief/2017/10/25/first-tsunami-

                      victim/#.WfYiYmhSzIU>Accessed on October, 29th, 2017.