As questões de números 52 a 55 verificam conhecimentos relativos à cultura e a escritores dos países de língua inglesa. Em cada uma delas, assinale a alternativa correta.

As questões de números 52 a 55 verificam conhecimentos relativos à cultura e a escritores dos países de língua inglesa. Em cada uma delas, assinale a alternativa correta.

As questões de números 31 a 35 referem-se ao texto a seguir.

Teaching Children Literacy Skills in a Second Language

by ANNE EDIGER

In recent years, there has been increased focus on the teaching of reading and other literacy skills to children, both in North America and abroad. Part of this may relate to the recognition that reading is probably the most important skill for second language (L2) learners in academic contexts, and part of it may come from an increase in the numbers of children worldwide who are learning English as a second or foreign language (hereafter ESL or EFL). It may also be a result of the recent implementation of standards in much of public education in the United States and Canada, a movement built upon the belief that basic literacy instruction should be a fundamental component of public education.

Another possible factor contributing to an increased focus on literacy instruction to children in EFL contexts may be the growing numbers of countries that are moving toward making English language instruction mandatory from a younger age. Given the portability of books and other reading materials (as well as the increasing availability of reading material over the Internet), reading is gradually being recognized as a valuable source of language input, particularly for students in learning environments (as in some EFL contexts) in which fluent speakers of English are generally not available to provide other kinds of language input.

Notions of literacy are expanding as well. Although many different definitions of literacy can be found in the literature on the subject, and reading still seems to be primary to most of them, the teaching of writing and oral skills is increasingly being integrated with reading instruction for both native English speakers (NES) and English language learners (ELLs). Many of the new standards, both for ELLs and NES children, also integrate expectations for the development of all four language skills — reading, writing, listening, and speaking. In fact, increasingly, the large-scale standardized tests ask students to bring together all of these skills, requiring students to demonstrate competence in synthesizing information from multiple sources, or bringing information they have heard or read into written.

_{(Marianne Celce-Murcia (ed.), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. Adapted)}

TEXT I

Building Blocks: The First Steps of Creating a Multicultural Classroom

Discovering diversity takes creativity, extra effort, diligence, and courage on the teacher's part. A

multicultural classroom must thrive on these differences and use them as a foundation for growth and

development. Differences command work, resolution, openness, and understanding. Teachers who

address these differences and add them to the curriculum will succeed in creating a multicultural

5 classroom that will advance the educational goals of all students.

(...) Teachers in multicultural classrooms must be open to their students and put forth the effort

needed to get to know their students inside and outside of class. If a teacher is hesitant about being

open, the class will reciprocate and the students will become estranged from one another and the

teacher. In order to be open, teachers must be interested in their students, fearless, willing to try new

10 and different things, sure of themselves in order to avoid taking things personally, and non-

judgmental of his or her students (Canning 196). Also, openness is not making assumptions and being

prepared for the unexpected (Canning 199). (...)Many cultures have many different mores and

folkways. Teachers must be open to what the students are doing and find out why they do what they

do. This openness will create communication in the class, which will ultimately develop into a

15 classroom that is learning, understanding, and culturally fluent.

In addition to openness, teachers must know the learning patterns of the students in their class.

Teachers must understand the learning patterns of the students who grew up in a culture other than

their own. Teachers who open themselves up to cultural difference will effectively handle culture

clash while teachers who assume that student A is rude and student B is dumb will close

20 communication in the classroom and destroy any hope of having a multicultural classroom. The best

way to handle culture clash is to be open, knowledgeable, and not be afraid to talk about the cultural

differences in class no matter what discipline the teacher is teaching (Jones 12). An open teacher will

create an open class and an open class will have open lines of communication that will create a positive

and beneficial learning environment for everyone.

25 (...) Gloria Boutte and Christine McCormick suggest six basic principles for teachers to use when

evaluating their culturally diverse classroom, these are, "1) building multicultural programs, 2)

showing appreciation of differences, 3) avoiding stereotypes, 4) acknowledging differences in

children, 5) discovering the diversity within the classroom, 6) avoiding pseudomulticulturalism"

(140). Showing appreciation of differences is very important because a teacher who does not show

30 appreciation of all the differences in their class will not get the chance to attempt any of the other five

principles. Teachers need to pay attention to their verbal and nonverbal language when he or she

responds to students who speak differently. For example, if a child reads, "Dere go the sto-man", the

teacher should avoid interrupting the student to provide the correct English version. Instead, the

teacher should thank the student for reading and then model the correct English version when she or

35 he speaks. However, the most important thing to remember about all classrooms is the premise that

every child is unique. All children are different and beautiful in their own way, no one student should

feel excluded from the class.

(...) Creating multicultural classrooms is a growing priority for all teachers and administrators. This

includes restructuring classroom evaluation and punishment techniques, but, more importantly, it

40 includes embracing difference and opening up the classroom for communication.

Larri Fish of Siena College