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    By the end of the twentieth century English was already well on its way to becoming a genuine lingua franca. Just as in the Middle Ages Latin became for a time a language of international communication, so English is now commonly used in exchanges between, say, Japanese and Argentinian business people or between Singaporeans and their Vietnamese counterparts.

    A number of researchers have studied lingua franca conversations and have noted a number of somewhat surprising characteristics, including:

     • Increasing of redundancy by adding prepositions (We have to study about... and Can we discuss about...?).

    • Large use of certain verbs of high semantic generality, such as do, have, make, put, take.     

    • Pluralisation of nouns which are considered uncountable in native-speaker English (advices, staffs).

    The evidence suggests that non-native speakers are not conforming to a native English standard. Indeed they seem to get along perfectly well despite the fact that they miss things out and put things in which they ‘should not do’. Not only this, but they are actually better at ‘accommodating’ than native speakers are when talking to second language speakers.

(Jeremy Harmer. The practice of English language teaching. Adaptado)

QUEEN - WE ARE THE CHAMPIONS

I’ve paid my dues

Time after time

I’ve done my sentence

But committed no crime

And bad mistakes

I’ve made a few

I’ve had my share of sand kicked in my face

But I’ve come through

We are the champions, my friends

And we’ll keep on fighting ‘til the end

We are the champions

We are the champions

No time for losers

‘Cause we are the champions of the world

Adapted from: https:

//www.google.com.br/search?ei=NIG4XJm3EKHM5OUPx_S4gAo&q=we+a

re+the+champions&oq

                        From Nail bars to car washes: how big

                             is the UK’s slavery problem?

                                                                                                  by Annie Kelly

      Does slavery exist in the UK?

      More than 250 years since the end of the transatlantic slave trade, there are close to 41 million people still trapped in some form of slavery across the world today. Yet nobody really knows the scale and how many victims or perpetrators of this crime there are in Britain.

      The data that has been released is inconsistent. The government believes there are about 13,000 victims of slavery in the UK, while earlier this year the Global Slavery Index released a much higher estimate of 136,000.

      Statistics on slavery from the National Crime Agency note the number of people passed on to the government’s national referral mechanism (NRM), the process by which victims of slavery are identified and granted statutory support. While this data gives a good snapshot of what kinds of slavery are most prevalent and who is falling victim to exploiters, it doesn’t paint the whole picture. For every victim identified by the police, there will be many others who are not found and remain under the control of traffickers, pimps and gangmasters.

      There are also many potential victims who don’t agree to go through the mechanism because they don’t trust the authorities, or are too scared to report their traffickers. Between 1 November 2015 and 30 June 2018, the government received notifications of 3,306 potential victims of modern slavery in England and Wales who were not referred to the NRM.

      […]

      The police recorded 3,773 modern slavery offences between June 2017 and June 2018.

      […]

(Source: https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2018/ oct/18/nail-bars-car-washes-uk-slavery-problem-anti-slavery-day. Access: 20/10/2018)

Read the text and answer questions

Ursula! I whispered

Yes, my darling, she said, without __________ her eyes.

What have you got in your basket? I asked. She opened her eyes, startled, and looked at me.

What do you mean? she said defensively.

There is something moving in your basket, I said.

Oh, it’s nothing. It’s just a present for somebody. She said.

Adapted from, FERGUSON, Kenneth. Read for Meaning, Comprehension tests for First Certificate. Ed. Evans Brothers, first Published 1975.

A tirinha a seguir mostra um diálogo entre duas pessoas, com a participação de um terceiro interlocutor. Analise-a e responda a questão. 

Read the text and answer the question.

Olympic Sports

    The first modern Olympic Games took place in Athens, Greece, in the year 1896. Athletes from only 13 countries participated in the Games that year. They competed in 43 different events in just 9 sports (track and field, swimming, cycling, fencing, gymnastics, shooting, tennis, weight lifting, and wrestling). In 2004, the Olympic Games took place once again in Athens. This time athletes from 202 countries competed in 300 events in 28 sports. Only five sports have been in every Olympic Games.

Fonte: adapted from Thoughts and Notions.

Read the text and answer question

Traditional American cake bars

Recipe:

100g butter         1tsp. vanilla         ½ tsp baking powder

200g sugar         ¼ tsp salt            100g chopped walnuts

2 eggs                 100g flour             50g chocolate U 

Melt _____ chocolate and butter and mix carefully.

Add _____ sugar and mix again until smooth. Leave to cool.

Add _____ eggs and vanilla and mix.

Add _____ flour, baking powder, and salt, and mix until well-combined. 

Stir in the walnuts.

Put the mix in a cake tin and cook for 25min at 175°C.

Eat with fruit or ice cream.

Read the dialogue below and answer question 31.