Water: Unclogging the finance

    How to improve water systems is one challenge; financing them is another. Public authorities in most countries play the main role in implementing and funding water infrastructure, but it is a model that is under increasing pressure, with government budgets and banks still prudent about issuing credit.    

     There is no generic funding model that can be applied to every need; the sheer diversity of water infrastructures and sources of financing to be identified, scanned and tapped in line with particular investment types and needs.

     There may be small-scale projects initiated by local entrepreneurs, or large infrastructures that serve multiple, such as energy and heavy manufacturing. Some investments may involve green ecosystems to supply, store or filter water.

     Not only will these infrastructures have different financing needs, but will access funds in different ways, for instance through capital markets, loans, funds, public expenditures, etc.

     Take large dams and large reservoirs. These are costly, long-term affairs. The Three Gorges Dam project in China, for instance, could cost over US$22 billion, according to government, including construction, relocation of residents and financing costs.

     Moreover, cost recovery is not expected to occur for 10 years after full operation starts. Such major projects tend to be financed major development banks such as the Asian Development Bank and World Bank, and institutional investors such as pension funds. The sources for long-term financing are expanding, with the emergence of sovereign funds and philanthropists,  of new groups like the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,  opened in March 2015.

     But before leaping into major  such as dams, policymakers must answer several questions. Will the construction lock them in and still be valuable in 25, 50 or 100 years’ time? After all, there are several cases of investments that have fallen into disuse or underuse, such as a desalination  in Sydney that was built during a severe but temporary drought, and dams in France’s Loire Valley that are now being decommissioned at some cost. Had a more forwardprobing “value options” approach been used in planning them, they _________ in the first place. ( . . . )

Disponível em http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/4825/ Water:_Unclogging_the_finance.html#sthash.kRhyDJ1.dpuf Acesso em 16 Abr 2015.

PARA A QUESTÃO, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE.

Water: Unclogging the finance

    How to improve water systems is one challenge; financing them is another. Public authorities in most countries play the main role in implementing and funding water infrastructure, but it is a model that is under increasing pressure, with government budgets  and banks still prudent about issuing credit.    

     There is no generic funding model that can be applied to every need; the sheer diversity of water infrastructures and sources of financing .________ to be identified, scanned and tapped in line with particular investment types and needs.

     There may be small-scale projects initiated by local entrepreneurs, or large infrastructures that serve multiple, such as energy and heavy manufacturing. Some investments may involve green ecosystems to supply, store or filter water.

     Not only will these infrastructures have different financing needs, but will access funds in different ways, for instance through capital markets, loans, funds, public expenditures, etc.

     Take large dams and large reservoirs. These are costly, long-term affairs. The Three Gorges Dam project in China, for instance, could cost over US$22 billion, according to government, including construction, relocation of residents and financing costs.

     Moreover, cost recovery is not expected to occur for 10 years after full operation starts. Such major projects tend to be financed  major development banks such as the Asian Development Bank and World Bank, and institutional investors such as pension funds. The sources for long-term financing are expanding, with the emergence of sovereign funds and philanthropists,  of new groups like the Chinese-led Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank,  opened in March 2015.

     But before leaping into majorsuch as dams, policymakers must answer several questions. Will the construction lock them in and still be valuable in 25, 50 or 100 years’ time? After all, there are several cases of investments that have fallen into disuse or underuse, such as a desalination  in Sydney that was built during a severe but temporary drought, and dams in France’s Loire Valley that are now being decommissioned at some cost. Had a more forwardprobing “value options” approach been used in planning them, theyin the first place. ( . . . )

Disponível em http://www.oecdobserver.org/news/fullstory.php/aid/4825/ Water:_Unclogging_the_finance.html#sthash.kRhyDJ1.dpuf Acesso em 16 Abr 2015.

PARA A QUESTÃO, ESCOLHA A ALTERNATIVA QUE COMPLETA O TEXTO 1 CORRETAMENTE.

Since visiting the injured military men and women at Headley Court, Mr Simpson established the On Course Foundation, a military charity that supports the recovery of wounded, injured and sick service personal through golf tuition and jobs in the golf industry.

One of the challenges in lab safety is that the lab setting becomes very familiar to people who work in it day in and day out. “When you do something over and over, your perception of the risk may change even though the risk itself doesn’t change,” says Lawrence M. Gibbs, associate vice provost for EH&S at Stanford. His department tries to use information about incidents to remember researchers not to get too comfortable. In that way, hopefully something positive can come out of Sangji’s death. “It was a tragic, tragic incident,” Gibbs says. “We all have to learn from it and use it as reinforcement to help people understand the potential risks of working with high-hazard materials in this environment.

As observed in the unique orbits of cosmic dust particles, at small length scales, environmental forces such as solar pressure and the Loretz force can compete with gravity so significantly accelerate a body in space. We propose to employ recent advances in nanofabrication to create a new category of extremely small, low-cost, expendable spacecraft which capitalize on this scaling to enable propellantless propulsion. Such devices could open up new spacecraft mission opportunities, including distributed sensing, scientific research, exploration, and in-orbit inspection of larger satellites.

At every stage, Mr. Keating, a 26-year-old doctoral student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology’s Media Lab, has pushed and prodded to get his medical information, collecting an estimated 70 gigabytes of his own patient data by now. His case points to what medical experts say could be gained if patients have had full and easier access to their medical information. Better-informed patients, they say, are more likely to take better care of themselves.

Ben & Jerry's asked his customers to invent their new varieties of ice cream flavors – the submitters of the best flavors were given a trip to the Dominican Republic to see a sustainable fair trade cocoa farm. LG similarly used crowdsourcing to develop a new mobile phone, for a reward of $20,000.

Select the alternative in which the use of “so” does not express the result of an action:

Mark the option that shows the same meaning as in “Americans have no close confidants” (line 52).

The sentence “We have learned nothing”, in the text, can be replaced by

Choose the option that has the same meaning of “Parents usually don’t know their child is a cyberbully.” (lines 24-25).

“At other times they do it just for fun or because have nothing else to do.” (lines 23-24). Mark the option that substitutes the underlined sentence correctly.

Choose the best reply to this sequence of questions.
"Do you have secrets you've kept from your family? Would you like to get them off your chest?
(Adapted from: https://www.psychologytoday.com).

Choose the correct option to complete the dialogue.
John: I'll have to buy a new smartphone. Mine is broken. Paul: Why don't you have it ______ instead?

Which of the sentences below is INCORRECT ?

Which option contains a correct sentence?

Choose the correct option.

Choose the correct option to complete the dialogue.

Megan: I'd like to live abroad.
Julie: So ______ I. Which country do you have in mind? Megan: Probably Australia, because it's hot. I wouldn't like to live in a cold country. Julie: I wouldn't ________. I hate feeling cold.

According to IMO Standard Marine Communication Phrases - IMO SMCP, what is the correct answer for the question: "Are you dragging anchor?"

Born on October 23, 1940, in Três Corações, Brazil, soccer legend Pelé became a superstar with his performance in the 1958 World Cup. Pelé played professionally in Brazil for two decades, three World Cups along the way, before joining the New York Cosmos late in his career. Named FIFA co-Player of the Century in 1999, he is a global ambassador for soccer and other  causes.

The world was officially introduced to Pelé in the 1958 World Cup in Sweden. Displaying  speed, athleticism and field vision, the 17-year-old erupted to score three goals in a 5-2 semifinal win over France, then netted two more in the finals, a 5-2 win over the host country.

Retirement did little to diminish the public profile of Pelé, who  a popular pitchman and active in many professional arenas.

In 1978, Pelé was awarded the International Peace Award for his work with UNICEF. He has also served __________ Brazil's Extraordinary Minister for Sport and a United Nations ambassador for ecology and the environment.

Disponível em: <http://www.biography.com/people/pel%C3%A9-39221#more-world-cuptitles&awesm=~oCVdN6MwV2RG2S> . Acesso em 22 de abril 2014. 

Para a questão, escolha a alternativa que complete a sentença CORRETAMENTE.