Questões de Vestibular Comentadas por alunos sobre vocabulário | vocabulary em inglês
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Ano: 2020
Banca:
FGV
Órgão:
FGV
Prova:
FGV - 2020 - FGV - Graduação em Economia - Inglês e Física - 1° Dia |
Q1796824
Inglês
Texto associado
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The aliens among us
Humans think of themselves as the world’s apex predators. Hence the silence of sabre-tooth tigers,
the absence of moas from New Zealand and the long list of endangered megafauna. But sars-cov-2
shows how people can also end up as prey. Viruses have caused a litany of modern pandemics, from
Covid-19, to hiv/aids to the influenza outbreak in 1918-20, which killed many more people than the first
world war. Before that, the colonisation of the Americas by Europeans was abetted – and perhaps made
possible – by epidemics of smallpox, measles and influenza brought unwittingly by the invaders, which
annihilated many of the original inhabitants.
(www.economist.com, 22.08.2020. Adapted.)
In the fragment “epidemics of smallpox, measles and influenza brought unwittingly by the invaders”,
the underlined word can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
Ano: 2020
Banca:
FGV
Órgão:
FGV
Prova:
FGV - 2020 - FGV - Graduação em Economia - Inglês e Física - 1° Dia |
Q1796822
Inglês
Texto associado
Read the text to answer question.
The aliens among us
Humans think of themselves as the world’s apex predators. Hence the silence of sabre-tooth tigers,
the absence of moas from New Zealand and the long list of endangered megafauna. But sars-cov-2
shows how people can also end up as prey. Viruses have caused a litany of modern pandemics, from
Covid-19, to hiv/aids to the influenza outbreak in 1918-20, which killed many more people than the first
world war. Before that, the colonisation of the Americas by Europeans was abetted – and perhaps made
possible – by epidemics of smallpox, measles and influenza brought unwittingly by the invaders, which
annihilated many of the original inhabitants.
(www.economist.com, 22.08.2020. Adapted.)
In the second sentence in the text, the term “hence” can be replaced, with no change in meaning, by
Q1793716
Inglês
Texto associado
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'Post-truth' named word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries
In the era of Donald Trump and Brexit, Oxford Dictionaries has declared “post-truth” to be its international word of the year.
Defined by the dictionary as an adjective “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief”, editors said that use of the term “post-truth” had increased by around 2,000% in 2016 compared to last year. The spike in usage, it said, is “in the context of the EU referendum in the United Kingdom and the presidential election in the United States”.
Contenders for the title had included the noun “alt-right”, shortened from the fuller form “alternative right” and defined as “an ideological grouping associated with extreme conservative or reactionary viewpoints, characterised by a rejection of mainstream politics and by the use of online media to disseminate deliberately controversial content”. First used in 2008, its use “surged” this spring and summer, said the dictionary, with 30% of usage in August alone.
But the increase in usage of post-truth saw the term eventually emerge ahead of the pack. “We first saw the frequency really spike this year in June with buzz over the Brexit vote and Donald Trump securing the Republican presidential nomination. Given that usage of the term hasn’t shown any signs of slowing down, I wouldn’t be surprised if post-truth becomes one of the defining words of our time,” predicted Oxford Dictionaries president Casper Grathwohl.
“It’s not surprising that our choice reflects a year dominated by highly-charged political and social discourse. Fuelled by the rise of social media as a news source and a growing distrust of facts offered up by the establishment, post-truth as a concept has been finding its linguistic footing for some time.”
Disponível em:<https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/nov/15/post-truth-named-word-of-the-year-by-oxford-dictionaries>. Acesso em: 21 fev. 2017. (Adaptado).
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Q1783327
Inglês
Texto associado
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The Internet of Things
The “Internet of Things” (IoT) is becoming an increasingly growing topic of conversation both in the workplace and outside of it. It’s a concept that not only has the potential to impact how we live but also how we work. But what exactly is the “Internet of Things” and what impact is it going to have on you, if any? There are a lot of complexities around the “Internet of Things” but we want to stick to the basics. Lots of technical and policyrelated conversations are being had but many people are still just trying to grasp the foundation of what the heck these conversations are about.
Let’s start with understanding a few things.
Broadband Internet is becoming more widely available, the cost of connecting is decreasing, more devices are being created with Wi-Fi capabilities and sensors built into them, technology costs are going down, and smartphone penetration is sky-rocketing. All of these things are creating a “perfect storm” for the IoT.
So What Is The Internet of Things?
Simply put, this is the concept of basically connecting any device with an on and off switch to the Internet (and/or to each other). This includes everything from cellphones, coffee makers, washing machines, headphones, lamps, wearable devices and almost anything else you can think of.
So what now?
The new rule for the future is going to be, “Anything that can be connected, will be connected.”
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Q1686603
Inglês
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Modern-day slavery: an explainer
Photograph: Mario Tama/Getty
What is modern-day slavery?
About 150 years after most countries banned slavery –
Brazil was the last to abolish its participation in the transatlantic
slave trade, in 1888 – millions of men, women and children are
still enslaved. Contemporary slavery takes many forms, from
women forced into prostitution, to child slavery in agriculture
supply chains or whole families working for nothing to pay
off generational debts. Slavery thrives on every continent and
in almost every country. Forced labour, people trafficking,
debt bondage and child marriage are all forms of modern-day
slavery that affect the world’s most vulnerable people.
How is slavery defined?
Slavery is prohibited under the 1948 Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, which states: “No one shall be held in slavery
or servitude: slavery and the slave trade shall be prohibited in
all their forms.”
Definitions of modern-day slavery are mainly taken
from the 1956 UN supplementary convention, which says:
“debt bondage, serfdom, forced marriage and the delivery
of a child for the exploitation of that child are all slavery-like
practices and require criminalisation and abolishment”. The
1930 Forced Labour Convention defines forced labour as “all
work or service which is exacted from any person under the
menace of any penalty and for which the said person has
not offered himself voluntarily”. As contemporary systems of
slavery have evolved, new definitions, including trafficking and
distinguishing child slavery from child labour, have developed.
How many people are enslaved across the world?
Due to its illegality, data on modern-day slavery is difficult
to collate. The UN’s International Labour Organisation (ILO)
estimates that about 21 million people are in forced labour
at any point in time. The ILO says this estimate includes
trafficking and other forms of modern slavery. The only
exceptions are trafficking for organ removal, forced marriage
and adoption, unless the last two practices result in forced
labour. The ILO calculates that 90% of the 21 million are
exploited by individuals or companies, while 10% are forced
to work by the state, rebel military groups, or in prisons under
conditions that violate ILO standards. Sexual exploitation
accounts for 22% of slaves.
(www.theguardian.com/global-development/2013/apr/03/modern-day-slavery-explainer. Adaptado)
No trecho do quarto parágrafo – unless the last two practices
result in forced labour – o termo em destaque indica ideia de
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