Questões de Vestibular EMESCAM 2025 para Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre
Foram encontradas 5 questões
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747659
Inglês
Read the following text.
Henry Lester, professor of biology at Caltech, discusses the effects of nicotine addiction on the brain.
Tobacco originated in the Americas, where humans have known some of its effects for at least 10,000 years. Beginning some 500 years ago, ocean crossings spread tobacco use to all other continents. We are essentially the only species that has learned how to use small amounts of plant toxins — which provide the selective advantage of sickening or poisoning animals who might eat them — for our own purposes. For tobacco, that toxin is nicotine. In addition to their historical medicinal and ritual uses, these substances, over time, have come to serve as guides, models, and touchstones for learning about the brain and opening many fields of neuroscience.
We have learned from tobacco and nicotine that it is possible to isolate single chemicals from plants that cause toxic effects on herbivores and valued effects on people. We’ve learned that it’s possible to define chemical processes in the human brain that are activated, inhibited, or otherwise manipulated by those substances.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brain-when-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025.
According to the text, what is one of the main discoveries made from the study of tobacco and nicotine?
Henry Lester, professor of biology at Caltech, discusses the effects of nicotine addiction on the brain.
Tobacco originated in the Americas, where humans have known some of its effects for at least 10,000 years. Beginning some 500 years ago, ocean crossings spread tobacco use to all other continents. We are essentially the only species that has learned how to use small amounts of plant toxins — which provide the selective advantage of sickening or poisoning animals who might eat them — for our own purposes. For tobacco, that toxin is nicotine. In addition to their historical medicinal and ritual uses, these substances, over time, have come to serve as guides, models, and touchstones for learning about the brain and opening many fields of neuroscience.
We have learned from tobacco and nicotine that it is possible to isolate single chemicals from plants that cause toxic effects on herbivores and valued effects on people. We’ve learned that it’s possible to define chemical processes in the human brain that are activated, inhibited, or otherwise manipulated by those substances.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brain-when-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025.
According to the text, what is one of the main discoveries made from the study of tobacco and nicotine?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747660
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
What happens in the brain when people smoke?
When nicotine enters the lungs, it’s in the brain 20 seconds
later. In this journey, nicotine has traveled through the cells
in the lungs to the blood — and then from the blood to
the brain, passing through the blood‑brain barrier. In all,
nicotine passes through six membranes when it’s smoked
or vaped.
Once nicotine is in the brain, it activates the most
sensitive nicotinic receptors on membranes of nerve cells,
or neurons, but it also travels through the membrane to
enter the neuron. Finally, it passes into the organelles of
the neuron, where proteins, including the nicotinic receptor,
are being made. When a person smokes, nicotine actually
helps the cell to assemble more nicotinic receptors,
which travel out of the endoplasmic reticulum (part of the
cellular transportation system) and onto the surface of the
cell. It’s as though nicotine is acting as a pharmacological
“chaperone” to bring those receptors to the surface of
the cell.
We have labeled this process “inside out” pharmacology.
In trying to unravel the cell biology of nicotine addiction,
my lab and others study how this so‑called chaperoning
or upregulating of nicotinic receptors is necessary for the
early stages of nicotine dependence, ultimately underlying
the brain’s addiction to nicotine. When a person stops
taking nicotine, the natural acetylcholine cannot sufficiently
activate the upregulated receptors. They produce craving
and other symptoms of withdrawal.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/
neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025.
What is the primary function of nicotine in the process the
author calls “inside out” pharmacology?
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747661
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
What happens in the brain when people smoke?
When nicotine enters the lungs, it’s in the brain 20 seconds
later. In this journey, nicotine has traveled through the cells
in the lungs to the blood — and then from the blood to
the brain, passing through the blood‑brain barrier. In all,
nicotine passes through six membranes when it’s smoked
or vaped.
Once nicotine is in the brain, it activates the most
sensitive nicotinic receptors on membranes of nerve cells,
or neurons, but it also travels through the membrane to
enter the neuron. Finally, it passes into the organelles of
the neuron, where proteins, including the nicotinic receptor,
are being made. When a person smokes, nicotine actually
helps the cell to assemble more nicotinic receptors,
which travel out of the endoplasmic reticulum (part of the
cellular transportation system) and onto the surface of the
cell. It’s as though nicotine is acting as a pharmacological
“chaperone” to bring those receptors to the surface of
the cell.
We have labeled this process “inside out” pharmacology.
In trying to unravel the cell biology of nicotine addiction,
my lab and others study how this so‑called chaperoning
or upregulating of nicotinic receptors is necessary for the
early stages of nicotine dependence, ultimately underlying
the brain’s addiction to nicotine. When a person stops
taking nicotine, the natural acetylcholine cannot sufficiently
activate the upregulated receptors. They produce craving
and other symptoms of withdrawal.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/
neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025.
The word unravel in the sentence “In trying to unravel the
cell biology of nicotine addiction...” is closest in meaning to
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747662
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
How can neuroscience lead to
treatments for nicotine addiction?
Around a billion people still smoke, so we clearly have more
to learn about effective treatments for nicotine addiction.
Medications that can help include bupropion, a classical
antidepressant, which mostly helps people who are
depressed to stop smoking; and varenicline, which imitates
nicotine in some ways but prevents nicotinic receptors from
being fully activated.
Some nicotine cessation products, such as gums and
patches and inhalers, use nicotine itself in the hope that
it can be delivered in small enough quantities and over a
long enough period of time that nicotine receptors will only
be partially chaperoned, helping to reduce upregulation
while the individual works on quitting smoking.
We still need more and better science to figure out the
pharmacokinetics of nicotine: How fast does it enter the
body? How long does it stay in the body? To that end,
along with a team of collaborators — including Caltech
professors Wei Gao (professor of medical engineering),
Dennis Dougherty (George Grant Hoag Professor of
Chemistry), and Stephen Mayo (Bren Professor of Biology
and Chemistry), and Professor Neal Benowitz of UC San
Francisco — we have been working to develop a wearable
device that resembles the continuous glucose monitor used
by Type 1 diabetes patients.
We will use this monitor to measure nicotine while a person
smokes or vapes or uses a nicotine pouch so that we can
fully understand how an individual metabolizes nicotine
and relate this knowledge to a century’s worth of work on
nicotinic receptors and nicotine addiction.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025
The text suggests that products designed to help people
quit nicotine, such as gums and patches, are effective by
Ano: 2025
Banca:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos)
Órgão:
EMESCAM
Prova:
FUNDEP (Gestão de Concursos) - 2025 - EMESCAM - Vestibular Medicina - Primeiro Semestre |
Q3747663
Inglês
Texto associado
INSTRUCTION: Read the following text to answer the question.
How can neuroscience lead to
treatments for nicotine addiction?
Around a billion people still smoke, so we clearly have more
to learn about effective treatments for nicotine addiction.
Medications that can help include bupropion, a classical
antidepressant, which mostly helps people who are
depressed to stop smoking; and varenicline, which imitates
nicotine in some ways but prevents nicotinic receptors from
being fully activated.
Some nicotine cessation products, such as gums and
patches and inhalers, use nicotine itself in the hope that
it can be delivered in small enough quantities and over a
long enough period of time that nicotine receptors will only
be partially chaperoned, helping to reduce upregulation
while the individual works on quitting smoking.
We still need more and better science to figure out the
pharmacokinetics of nicotine: How fast does it enter the
body? How long does it stay in the body? To that end,
along with a team of collaborators — including Caltech
professors Wei Gao (professor of medical engineering),
Dennis Dougherty (George Grant Hoag Professor of
Chemistry), and Stephen Mayo (Bren Professor of Biology
and Chemistry), and Professor Neal Benowitz of UC San
Francisco — we have been working to develop a wearable
device that resembles the continuous glucose monitor used
by Type 1 diabetes patients.
We will use this monitor to measure nicotine while a person
smokes or vapes or uses a nicotine pouch so that we can
fully understand how an individual metabolizes nicotine
and relate this knowledge to a century’s worth of work on
nicotinic receptors and nicotine addiction.
Available at: https://scienceexchange.caltech.edu/topics/neuroscience/neuroscience-experts/nicotine-addictionneuroscience-henry-lester#what-happens-in-the-brainwhen-people-smoke. Accessed on: Aug 1st, 2025
What is the primary purpose of the new wearable gadget
being developed by the author and his tea
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