Leia o trecho do livro On the origin of species by means of natural selection, escrito por Charles Darwin e publicado em 1859.

    A struggle for existence inevitably follows from the high rate at which all organic beings tend to increase. Every being, which during its natural lifetime produces several eggs or seeds, must suffer destruction during some period of its life, and during some season or occasional year, otherwise, on the principle of geometrical increase, its numbers would quickly become so inordinately great that no country could support the product.

(www.dominiopublico.gov.br)

O excerto remete diretamente a conceitos biológicos já consolidados. São eles:

A curva destacada em vermelho liga os pontos U e P, passando pelos pontos N, E e S.

Considerando as medidas indicadas na figura, uma boa aproximação para a área da superfície sob a curva, destacada em amarelo, é de