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A observação de estruturas com dimensões muito menores que o comprimento de onda da luz usando microscópios é difícil devido ao limite de difração de Abbe. Ernst Abbe expressou matematicamente esse limite em 1882, estabelecendo que a menor distância que pode ser resolvida por um microscópio para uma luz de comprimento de onda ???? é de:
onde d é a resolução lateral (XY), ou seja, a distância mínima distinguível da observação de dois pontos, e NA é a abertura numérica da objetiva.
Considere um microscópio confocal operando com um laser de excitação de 488 nm e uma objetiva com abertura numérica de 1,4. Qual das seguintes afirmações está correta sobre a resolução alcançada nesse sistema?
Uma luz monocromática de uma fonte óptica sintonizável é transmitida através do ressonador óptico linear de um laser a gás não bombeado. A transmitância observada, em função da frequência, é mostrada na figura a seguir.
Transmitância de um ressonador laser
Quais são, respectivamente, o comprimento do ressonador (em metros) e o tempo de vida do fóton (em nanossegundos)?
Note e adote:
Assuma que o índice de refração n = 1.
Quando esse reservatório estiver cheio até 3/4 de sua altura,
Rain Is Coming to Burning Los Angeles and Will Bring Its Own Risks
Rain is forecast to begin as soon as Saturday afternoon and to continue as late as Monday evening, says meteorologist Kristan Lund of the National Weather Service’s Los Angeles office. The area desperately needs the precipitation, but experts are warily monitoring the situation because rain poses its own risks in recently burned areas— most notably the potential occurrence of mudslides and similar hazards. “Rain is good because we’ve been so dry,” Lund says. “However, if we get heavier rain rates or we get the thunderstorms, it’s actually a lot more dangerous because you can get debris flows.”
Fires do a couple of different things to the landscape that can increase the risk of burned material, soil and detritus hurtling out of control. When fires burn hot or long enough, they leave an invisible layer of waxy material just under the surface of the ground. This develops from decomposing leaves and other organic material, which contain naturally hydrophobic or water-repellent compounds. Fire can vaporize this litter, and the resulting gas seeps into the upper soil—where it quickly cools and condenses, forming the slippery layer.
When rain falls on ground that has been affected by this phenomenon, it can’t sink beyond the hydrophobic layer— so the water flows away, often hauling debris with it. “All of the trees, branches, everything that’s been burned—unfortunately, if it rains, that stuff just floats,” Lund says. “It’s really concerning.” Even a fire that isn’t severe enough to create a hydrophobic layer can still cause debris flows, says Danielle Touma, a climate scientist at the University of Texas at Austin. Under normal conditions, trees and other plants usually trap some rain above the surface, slowing the water’s downward journey. But on freshly burned land there’s much less greenery to interfere; all the rain immediately hits the ground. [...]
Fortunately, the rain should also help firefighters tame the blazes that remain active. The largest, the Palisades Fire, is currently 77 percent contained. The second largest, the Eaton Fire, is 95 percent contained. The Hughes Fire is third largest and only 56 percent contained. A fire can be fully contained but still burning. The containment percentage refers to the amount of the perimeter that has barriers that firefighters expect will prevent further spread.
Scientific American. January 27th, 2025. Adaptado.
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