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Q3781911 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

Shifting paradigms in language teaching

        Foreign language teaching has long relied on written texts as a source of language input. Until relatively recently, however, the sentence has been the privileged unit of meaning and analysis. The grammar-translation method of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, for example, illustrated grammatical principles via exemplary sentences. The pedagogical goal was to recode sentences written in the foreign language into one’s mother tongue, with heavy emphasis placed on accuracy and completeness. During the audiolingual era, from the 1940s to the 1960s, the emphasis shifted to spoken language and dialogues were used as language models, but the individual sentence remained the focus of repetition and drills. Again, formal accuracy remained paramount. In the 1960s, with the advent of ‘cognitive-code learning’ theory (following Chomsky’s rejection of behavioristic models of language learning in the late 1950s), teachers’ goals gradually shifted from instilling accurate language habits, to fostering learners’ mental construction of a second language system. Rule learning was reintroduced, but still only at the level of the individual sentence. Indeed, even today, many introductory level foreign language courses are organized around a planned sequence of grammatical structures that are exemplified in sample sentences for intensive practice.

(Richard Kern. Literacy and language teaching)
Based on the historical overview, the sustained pattern that can be observed regarding the unit of linguistic focus across the Grammar-Translation, Audiolingual, and early Cognitive-Code learning periods is
Alternativas
Q3781910 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        The learning principles that good games incorporate are by no means unknown to researchers in the learning sciences. In fact current research on learning supports the sorts of learning principles that good games use, though these principles are often exemplified in games in particularly striking ways (for a survey and citations of the literature, see Gee 2003). However, many of these principles are much better reflected in good games than they are in today’s schools, where we also ask young people to learn complex and challenging things. With the current return in our schools to skill-and-drill and curricula driven by standardized tests, good learning principles have, more and more, been left on the cognitive scientist’s laboratory bench and, I will argue, inside good computer and video games.

        Game design involves modeling human interactions with and within complex virtual worlds, including learning processes as part and parcel of these interactions. This is, in fact, not unlike design research in educational psychology where researchers model new forms of interaction connected to learning in classrooms (complex worlds, indeed), study such interactions to better understand how and why they lead to deep learning, and then ultimately disseminate them across a great many classrooms (see, for example, the chapters in Kelly 2003).

(James Paulo Gee. Situated Language and Learning: a critique of traditional schooling)
Based on the author’s comparison of game design to design research in education, a pedagogical practice an English as a Foreign Language teacher should prioritize to move beyond the criticized approach is
Alternativas
Q3781909 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        The learning principles that good games incorporate are by no means unknown to researchers in the learning sciences. In fact current research on learning supports the sorts of learning principles that good games use, though these principles are often exemplified in games in particularly striking ways (for a survey and citations of the literature, see Gee 2003). However, many of these principles are much better reflected in good games than they are in today’s schools, where we also ask young people to learn complex and challenging things. With the current return in our schools to skill-and-drill and curricula driven by standardized tests, good learning principles have, more and more, been left on the cognitive scientist’s laboratory bench and, I will argue, inside good computer and video games.

        Game design involves modeling human interactions with and within complex virtual worlds, including learning processes as part and parcel of these interactions. This is, in fact, not unlike design research in educational psychology where researchers model new forms of interaction connected to learning in classrooms (complex worlds, indeed), study such interactions to better understand how and why they lead to deep learning, and then ultimately disseminate them across a great many classrooms (see, for example, the chapters in Kelly 2003).

(James Paulo Gee. Situated Language and Learning: a critique of traditional schooling)
According to the author, “good learning principles” are neglected and relegated because of
Alternativas
Q3781908 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

Language monitor

        A new topic area will quickly generate the need to acquire new language in the form of vocabulary, structures, and pronunciation. It is a good idea to have ready a way of coping with this demand.

        If students can feel that they have the time and opportunity to master the use of language that either you or they have identified as being necessary for a certain stage in a project, this will go a long way to increasing their confidence and language competence.

        One way to do this is to produce a language monitor which focuses on vocabulary and structures that have been identified as being useful.

        This allows other students to read it and absorb the word or phrase, the meaning, pronunciation, associated words or collocations, and how to use it in a sentence. They can also add their own cards. The vocabulary monitor remains on the noticeboard throughout the project, constantly available for reinforcement and consolidation. It can also be used as a source of vocabulary games.

        In addition to this or as an alternative, if you have suitable computer facilities available, electronic lists could be created. Students can add to the lists in the same way as the noticeboard. The updated list can be printed out at regular intervals and put on the noticeboard and handouts given to the students.

(Diana L. Fried-Booth. Project Work. Adaptado)
Considering the concept of the “Language Monitor,” an English as a Foreign Language teacher best integrates this tool to foster learner autonomy and confidence in a project-based learning environment by
Alternativas
Q3781907 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

Language monitor

        A new topic area will quickly generate the need to acquire new language in the form of vocabulary, structures, and pronunciation. It is a good idea to have ready a way of coping with this demand.

        If students can feel that they have the time and opportunity to master the use of language that either you or they have identified as being necessary for a certain stage in a project, this will go a long way to increasing their confidence and language competence.

        One way to do this is to produce a language monitor which focuses on vocabulary and structures that have been identified as being useful.

        This allows other students to read it and absorb the word or phrase, the meaning, pronunciation, associated words or collocations, and how to use it in a sentence. They can also add their own cards. The vocabulary monitor remains on the noticeboard throughout the project, constantly available for reinforcement and consolidation. It can also be used as a source of vocabulary games.

        In addition to this or as an alternative, if you have suitable computer facilities available, electronic lists could be created. Students can add to the lists in the same way as the noticeboard. The updated list can be printed out at regular intervals and put on the noticeboard and handouts given to the students.

(Diana L. Fried-Booth. Project Work. Adaptado)
According to the text, the main purpose of the “Language Monitor” is to
Alternativas
Q3781906 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        […] The action research cycle results show that task design should follow a certain sequence: First, tasks should focus on gaining an understanding of the e-literacy skills required when working with tools such as forums, wikis, and social bookmarking sites for language learning and teaching purposes. Ideally, this understanding should enable teachers to provide a rationale for using bespoke tools. Next, tasks should raise their awareness of a tool’s specific affordances, i.e. the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication (Hampel & Hauck, 2006). This will allow the teachers to move to the next level of Hampel and Stickler’s (2005) skills pyramid by fostering their multimodal communicative competence and thus their professional literacy (Willis, 2001). These steps are a prerequisite for the subsequent phase in which teachers themselves design tasks with the goal of fostering, in turn, their learners’ multimodal competence and autonomy since merely equipping learners with creative and democratic representational online resources will not necessarily result in higher student control over the learning process or the development of autonomy (Hampel & Hauck, 2006).

(Carolin Fuchs, Andreas Müller-Hartmann, Mirjam Hauck. Promoting learner autonomy through multiliteracy skills development in cross-institutional exchanges. Adaptado)
Based on the final phase described in the text, where teachers design tasks to foster learner autonomy and multimodal competence, a teacher planning a task using a discussion forum should ensure the task
Alternativas
Q3781905 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        […] The action research cycle results show that task design should follow a certain sequence: First, tasks should focus on gaining an understanding of the e-literacy skills required when working with tools such as forums, wikis, and social bookmarking sites for language learning and teaching purposes. Ideally, this understanding should enable teachers to provide a rationale for using bespoke tools. Next, tasks should raise their awareness of a tool’s specific affordances, i.e. the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication (Hampel & Hauck, 2006). This will allow the teachers to move to the next level of Hampel and Stickler’s (2005) skills pyramid by fostering their multimodal communicative competence and thus their professional literacy (Willis, 2001). These steps are a prerequisite for the subsequent phase in which teachers themselves design tasks with the goal of fostering, in turn, their learners’ multimodal competence and autonomy since merely equipping learners with creative and democratic representational online resources will not necessarily result in higher student control over the learning process or the development of autonomy (Hampel & Hauck, 2006).

(Carolin Fuchs, Andreas Müller-Hartmann, Mirjam Hauck. Promoting learner autonomy through multiliteracy skills development in cross-institutional exchanges. Adaptado)
The text mentions that understanding a tool’s specific affordances involves recognizing “the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication”.
For a language teacher, a significant implication of focusing on a tool’s constraints in task design is
Alternativas
Q3781904 Pedagogia
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        […] The action research cycle results show that task design should follow a certain sequence: First, tasks should focus on gaining an understanding of the e-literacy skills required when working with tools such as forums, wikis, and social bookmarking sites for language learning and teaching purposes. Ideally, this understanding should enable teachers to provide a rationale for using bespoke tools. Next, tasks should raise their awareness of a tool’s specific affordances, i.e. the constraints and possibilities of the modes available for meaning making and communication (Hampel & Hauck, 2006). This will allow the teachers to move to the next level of Hampel and Stickler’s (2005) skills pyramid by fostering their multimodal communicative competence and thus their professional literacy (Willis, 2001). These steps are a prerequisite for the subsequent phase in which teachers themselves design tasks with the goal of fostering, in turn, their learners’ multimodal competence and autonomy since merely equipping learners with creative and democratic representational online resources will not necessarily result in higher student control over the learning process or the development of autonomy (Hampel & Hauck, 2006).

(Carolin Fuchs, Andreas Müller-Hartmann, Mirjam Hauck. Promoting learner autonomy through multiliteracy skills development in cross-institutional exchanges. Adaptado)
The text describes a recommended sequence of tasks for teacher training based on action research. What is the central pedagogical assumption underlying this entire sequence?
Alternativas
Q3781903 Pedagogia
Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        A concepção de Kincheloe apoia-se na pedagogia crítica defendida por Freire. Discutindo a concepção bancária de ensino-aprendizagem (que resulta – assim como é o resultado – de um currículo e formação de professor fragmentados), Freire (1970, p. 85) afirma que essa concepção “desenvolve uma ação apassivadora, coincide com o estado de “imersão” da consciência oprimida”.

        Para Freire, não é a oposição de um discurso ao outro que promoverá a transformação social, mas a formação para a conscientização de sua condição subalterna. Em outras palavras: “o empenho (...) está em que os oprimidos tomem consciência de que, pelo fato mesmo de que estão sendo “hospedeiros” dos opressores, como seres duais, não estão podendo ser (1970, p. 86, grifo meu)”.

        Não bastaria, portanto, substituir a linguagem de um grupo social ou político por outro. A formação de professores não poderia ser pautada no ensino (por uns) e apropriação de práticas, técnicas ou mesmo conceitos (por outros). É preciso permitir que as linguagens em conflito possam ser compreendidas pelos agentes que, em última análise, as validam e utilizam – talvez inconscientemente. Caso contrário, estando na Linguística Aplicada, tenho o dever de ressaltar que tais agentes (ex.: os educadores) estariam a serviço da manutenção de uma linguagem cujos objetivos, muitas vezes, desconhecem porque não foram formados para ler nas entrelinhas, a “letra miúda” que traz os “efeitos colaterais”. Ao mesmo tempo, seria obrigada a denunciar que a formação de professores estaria a serviço também da mesma manutenção – “fazendo comunicados” (Freire, 1970), mas não “comunicando”.

(Sueli Salles Fidalgo. Formar professores de línguas para incluir em contextos de diversidade excludente.)
A autora, situando-se no campo da Linguística Aplicada, impõe o dever de denunciar a formação de professores que não promova a análise crítica das linguagens em conflito.
De acordo com o texto, a implicação mais relevante dessa formação despolitizada para o papel do educador é
Alternativas
Q3781902 Pedagogia
Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        A concepção de Kincheloe apoia-se na pedagogia crítica defendida por Freire. Discutindo a concepção bancária de ensino-aprendizagem (que resulta – assim como é o resultado – de um currículo e formação de professor fragmentados), Freire (1970, p. 85) afirma que essa concepção “desenvolve uma ação apassivadora, coincide com o estado de “imersão” da consciência oprimida”.

        Para Freire, não é a oposição de um discurso ao outro que promoverá a transformação social, mas a formação para a conscientização de sua condição subalterna. Em outras palavras: “o empenho (...) está em que os oprimidos tomem consciência de que, pelo fato mesmo de que estão sendo “hospedeiros” dos opressores, como seres duais, não estão podendo ser (1970, p. 86, grifo meu)”.

        Não bastaria, portanto, substituir a linguagem de um grupo social ou político por outro. A formação de professores não poderia ser pautada no ensino (por uns) e apropriação de práticas, técnicas ou mesmo conceitos (por outros). É preciso permitir que as linguagens em conflito possam ser compreendidas pelos agentes que, em última análise, as validam e utilizam – talvez inconscientemente. Caso contrário, estando na Linguística Aplicada, tenho o dever de ressaltar que tais agentes (ex.: os educadores) estariam a serviço da manutenção de uma linguagem cujos objetivos, muitas vezes, desconhecem porque não foram formados para ler nas entrelinhas, a “letra miúda” que traz os “efeitos colaterais”. Ao mesmo tempo, seria obrigada a denunciar que a formação de professores estaria a serviço também da mesma manutenção – “fazendo comunicados” (Freire, 1970), mas não “comunicando”.

(Sueli Salles Fidalgo. Formar professores de línguas para incluir em contextos de diversidade excludente.)
A autora argumenta que a transformação social, na perspectiva freiriana, não se concretiza pela simples substituição de discursos.
Considerando a metáfora dos oprimidos como “hospedeiros” dos opressores, para o movimento de emancipação e para o seu pleno “ser” é essencial
Alternativas
Q3781901 Pedagogia
Leia o texto a seguir para responder as questões:

        A concepção de Kincheloe apoia-se na pedagogia crítica defendida por Freire. Discutindo a concepção bancária de ensino-aprendizagem (que resulta – assim como é o resultado – de um currículo e formação de professor fragmentados), Freire (1970, p. 85) afirma que essa concepção “desenvolve uma ação apassivadora, coincide com o estado de “imersão” da consciência oprimida”.

        Para Freire, não é a oposição de um discurso ao outro que promoverá a transformação social, mas a formação para a conscientização de sua condição subalterna. Em outras palavras: “o empenho (...) está em que os oprimidos tomem consciência de que, pelo fato mesmo de que estão sendo “hospedeiros” dos opressores, como seres duais, não estão podendo ser (1970, p. 86, grifo meu)”.

        Não bastaria, portanto, substituir a linguagem de um grupo social ou político por outro. A formação de professores não poderia ser pautada no ensino (por uns) e apropriação de práticas, técnicas ou mesmo conceitos (por outros). É preciso permitir que as linguagens em conflito possam ser compreendidas pelos agentes que, em última análise, as validam e utilizam – talvez inconscientemente. Caso contrário, estando na Linguística Aplicada, tenho o dever de ressaltar que tais agentes (ex.: os educadores) estariam a serviço da manutenção de uma linguagem cujos objetivos, muitas vezes, desconhecem porque não foram formados para ler nas entrelinhas, a “letra miúda” que traz os “efeitos colaterais”. Ao mesmo tempo, seria obrigada a denunciar que a formação de professores estaria a serviço também da mesma manutenção – “fazendo comunicados” (Freire, 1970), mas não “comunicando”.

(Sueli Salles Fidalgo. Formar professores de línguas para incluir em contextos de diversidade excludente.)
De acordo com a citação de Freire (1970) no texto, o efeito fundamental da concepção bancária de ensino­ -aprendizagem sobre a consciência do oprimido é
Alternativas
Q3781900 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        Our analysis of the Time to Share series revealed that it follows the principles of recent theories in the development of the learning activities although there is an excessive use of the Portuguese language. Students are somewhat well encouraged to actively participate but more could be done in this sense. Further responsibility could be put upon the students in terms of interactions and research on the web. They are digital natives and their familiarity with this new world can make a difference in their involvement with learning English online for today and for the future. Their success depends on them, and they must be encouraged to learn by themselves.

(Reinildes Dias & Ana Emília Fajardo Turbin. The two “multis” and the multiliteracies pedagogy: “shaking hands” in the Brazilian English public education for teens.)
Choose the statement that most accurately conveys the authors’ critique and suggestions for improving the Time to Share series as presented in the text.
Alternativas
Q3781899 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        Our analysis of the Time to Share series revealed that it follows the principles of recent theories in the development of the learning activities although there is an excessive use of the Portuguese language. Students are somewhat well encouraged to actively participate but more could be done in this sense. Further responsibility could be put upon the students in terms of interactions and research on the web. They are digital natives and their familiarity with this new world can make a difference in their involvement with learning English online for today and for the future. Their success depends on them, and they must be encouraged to learn by themselves.

(Reinildes Dias & Ana Emília Fajardo Turbin. The two “multis” and the multiliteracies pedagogy: “shaking hands” in the Brazilian English public education for teens.)
Based on the authors’ analysis, what is the most emphatically suggested pedagogical shift needed to enhance student involvement and leverage their status as “digital natives” in the learning process?
Alternativas
Q3781898 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        The more traditional methods and approaches to teaching culture, such as movies and video, can be enhanced through the integration of digital media. Feature films have become readily available and have been included in numerous textbooks and designed to actively involve the learner (Aparisi, Blanco, & Rinka, 2007; Blanco & Tocaimaza-Hatch, 2007). Foreign language instructors are beginning to incorporate more movies in the foreign language classroom as “an accessible window” (Bueno, 2009, p. 319) to the target culture through “combined effects of images, sounds, camera, plots and dialogue” (Stephens, 2001, p. 2). According to Bueno (2009), media literacy promotes cross-cultural competence and comprehension focused on meaning rather than on form, as well as repeated exposure to L2 cultural products, practices, and perspectives, and the target language itself.

(Oxana Dema & Aleidine Kramer Moeller. Teaching culture in the 21st century language classroom. Adaptado.)
Considering the author’s point of view on the use of digital media for cultural and intercultural purposes, which of the following activities best exemplifies an enhanced use of films and digital media in the foreign language classroom?
Alternativas
Q3781897 Inglês
Leia o texto a seguir para responder a questão:

        The more traditional methods and approaches to teaching culture, such as movies and video, can be enhanced through the integration of digital media. Feature films have become readily available and have been included in numerous textbooks and designed to actively involve the learner (Aparisi, Blanco, & Rinka, 2007; Blanco & Tocaimaza-Hatch, 2007). Foreign language instructors are beginning to incorporate more movies in the foreign language classroom as “an accessible window” (Bueno, 2009, p. 319) to the target culture through “combined effects of images, sounds, camera, plots and dialogue” (Stephens, 2001, p. 2). According to Bueno (2009), media literacy promotes cross-cultural competence and comprehension focused on meaning rather than on form, as well as repeated exposure to L2 cultural products, practices, and perspectives, and the target language itself.

(Oxana Dema & Aleidine Kramer Moeller. Teaching culture in the 21st century language classroom. Adaptado.)
According to the author, the pedagogical value of incorporating films and digital media into foreign language instruction is
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Q3781896 Literatura
Leia o soneto de Antero de Quental para responder a questão:

À Virgem Santíssima


Cheia de Graça, Mãe de Misericórdia

Num sonho todo feito de incerteza,
De noturna e indizível ansiedade,
É que eu vi teu olhar de piedade
E (mais que piedade) de tristeza...

Não era o vulgar brilho da beleza,
Nem o ardor banal da mocidade...
Era outra luz, era outra suavidade,
Que até nem sei se as há na natureza...

Um místico sofrer... uma ventura
Feita só do perdão, só ternura
E da paz da nossa hora derradeira...

Ó visão, visão triste e piedosa!
Fita-me assim calada, assim chorosa.
E deixa-me sonhar a vida inteira!

(Em: MOISÉS, M. A. Literatura portuguesa através dos textos. 33. ed. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2011)
De acordo com a habilidade EF69LP48 da BNCC, o aluno deverá “Interpretar, em poemas, efeitos produzidos pelo uso de recursos expressivos sonoros (estrofação, rimas, aliterações etc.), semânticos (figuras de linguagem, por exemplo), gráficoespacial (distribuição da mancha gráfica no papel), imagens e sua relação com o texto verbal.” Desse modo, a fruição do poema de Antero de Quental implica reconhecer que o ritmo decorre, entre outros recursos, de versos
Alternativas
Q3781895 Português
Leia o soneto de Antero de Quental para responder a questão:

À Virgem Santíssima


Cheia de Graça, Mãe de Misericórdia

Num sonho todo feito de incerteza,
De noturna e indizível ansiedade,
É que eu vi teu olhar de piedade
E (mais que piedade) de tristeza...

Não era o vulgar brilho da beleza,
Nem o ardor banal da mocidade...
Era outra luz, era outra suavidade,
Que até nem sei se as há na natureza...

Um místico sofrer... uma ventura
Feita só do perdão, só ternura
E da paz da nossa hora derradeira...

Ó visão, visão triste e piedosa!
Fita-me assim calada, assim chorosa.
E deixa-me sonhar a vida inteira!

(Em: MOISÉS, M. A. Literatura portuguesa através dos textos. 33. ed. São Paulo: Cultrix, 2011)
De acordo com Massaud Moisés (2011), no soneto de Quental, constata-se no eu lírico
Alternativas
Q3781894 Pedagogia
Ao analisar o ensino de língua materna, Neves (2013) pondera que a escola deve
Alternativas
Q3781893 Português
De acordo com Antunes (2003) e Travaglia (2003), no que tange à gramática, espera-se que haja ênfase no ensino de
Alternativas
Q3781892 Português

Considere o trecho de texto de aluno do Ensino Fundamental.


Imagem associada para resolução da questão

(Em: M. J. Nóbrega, Ortografia. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 2013: 104)


A partir dos fundamentos teóricos de Nóbrega (2013), Bortoni-Ricardo (2004) e Pietroforte (em Fiorin [org.]: 2002), é coerente a seguinte análise sobre o texto discente:

Alternativas
Respostas
201: A
202: B
203: D
204: E
205: C
206: C
207: E
208: B
209: A
210: C
211: E
212: D
213: A
214: B
215: C
216: E
217: A
218: C
219: B
220: C