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Q2324508 Inglês
Text 1A2-I


       Languages are more to us than systems of thoughttransference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we call it literature. Art is so personal an expression that we do not like to feel that it is bound to predetermined form of any sort. The possibilities of individual expression are infinite, language in particular is the most fluid of mediums. Yet some limitation there must be to this freedom, some resistance of the medium.

       In great art there is the illusion of absolute freedom. The formal restraints imposed by the material are not perceived; it is as though there were a limitless margin of elbow room between the artist’s fullest utilization of form and the most that the material is innately capable of. The artist has intuitively surrendered to the inescapable tyranny of the material, made its brute nature fuse easily with his conception. The material “disappears” precisely because there is nothing in the artist’s conception to indicate that any other material exists. For the time being, he, and we with him, move in the artistic medium as a fish moves in the water, oblivious of the existence of an alien atmosphere. No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the law of his medium than we realize with a start that there is a medium to obey.

          Language is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Since every language has its distinctive peculiarities, the innate formal limitations—and possibilities—of one literature are never quite the same as those of another. The literature fashioned out of the form and substance of a language has the color and the texture of its matrix. The literary artist may never be conscious of just how he is hindered or helped or otherwise guided by the matrix, but when it is a question of translating his work into another language, the nature of the original matrix manifests itself at once. All his effects have been calculated, or intuitively felt, with reference to the formal “genius” of his own language; they cannot be carried over without loss or modification. Croce is therefore perfectly right in saying that a work of literary art can never be translated. Nevertheless, literature does get itself translated, sometimes with astonishing adequacy.


Edward Sapir. Language: an introduction to the study of speech. 1921 (adapted)
The word “oblivious”, in the fragment “oblivious of the existence of an alien atmosphere” (fifth sentence of the second paragraph) is being used, in text 1A2-I, with the same meaning as
Alternativas
Q2324507 Inglês
Text 1A2-I


       Languages are more to us than systems of thoughttransference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we call it literature. Art is so personal an expression that we do not like to feel that it is bound to predetermined form of any sort. The possibilities of individual expression are infinite, language in particular is the most fluid of mediums. Yet some limitation there must be to this freedom, some resistance of the medium.

       In great art there is the illusion of absolute freedom. The formal restraints imposed by the material are not perceived; it is as though there were a limitless margin of elbow room between the artist’s fullest utilization of form and the most that the material is innately capable of. The artist has intuitively surrendered to the inescapable tyranny of the material, made its brute nature fuse easily with his conception. The material “disappears” precisely because there is nothing in the artist’s conception to indicate that any other material exists. For the time being, he, and we with him, move in the artistic medium as a fish moves in the water, oblivious of the existence of an alien atmosphere. No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the law of his medium than we realize with a start that there is a medium to obey.

          Language is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Since every language has its distinctive peculiarities, the innate formal limitations—and possibilities—of one literature are never quite the same as those of another. The literature fashioned out of the form and substance of a language has the color and the texture of its matrix. The literary artist may never be conscious of just how he is hindered or helped or otherwise guided by the matrix, but when it is a question of translating his work into another language, the nature of the original matrix manifests itself at once. All his effects have been calculated, or intuitively felt, with reference to the formal “genius” of his own language; they cannot be carried over without loss or modification. Croce is therefore perfectly right in saying that a work of literary art can never be translated. Nevertheless, literature does get itself translated, sometimes with astonishing adequacy.


Edward Sapir. Language: an introduction to the study of speech. 1921 (adapted)
Choose the option in which the fragment “No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the law of his medium than we realize” (last sentence of the second paragraph of text 1A2-I) is correctly rewritten, without changing its meaning or harming its correctness.
Alternativas
Q2324506 Inglês
Text 1A2-I


       Languages are more to us than systems of thoughttransference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we call it literature. Art is so personal an expression that we do not like to feel that it is bound to predetermined form of any sort. The possibilities of individual expression are infinite, language in particular is the most fluid of mediums. Yet some limitation there must be to this freedom, some resistance of the medium.

       In great art there is the illusion of absolute freedom. The formal restraints imposed by the material are not perceived; it is as though there were a limitless margin of elbow room between the artist’s fullest utilization of form and the most that the material is innately capable of. The artist has intuitively surrendered to the inescapable tyranny of the material, made its brute nature fuse easily with his conception. The material “disappears” precisely because there is nothing in the artist’s conception to indicate that any other material exists. For the time being, he, and we with him, move in the artistic medium as a fish moves in the water, oblivious of the existence of an alien atmosphere. No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the law of his medium than we realize with a start that there is a medium to obey.

          Language is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Since every language has its distinctive peculiarities, the innate formal limitations—and possibilities—of one literature are never quite the same as those of another. The literature fashioned out of the form and substance of a language has the color and the texture of its matrix. The literary artist may never be conscious of just how he is hindered or helped or otherwise guided by the matrix, but when it is a question of translating his work into another language, the nature of the original matrix manifests itself at once. All his effects have been calculated, or intuitively felt, with reference to the formal “genius” of his own language; they cannot be carried over without loss or modification. Croce is therefore perfectly right in saying that a work of literary art can never be translated. Nevertheless, literature does get itself translated, sometimes with astonishing adequacy.


Edward Sapir. Language: an introduction to the study of speech. 1921 (adapted)
For the author of text 1A2-I,
Alternativas
Q2324505 Inglês
Text 1A2-I


       Languages are more to us than systems of thoughttransference. They are invisible garments that drape themselves about our spirit and give a predetermined form to all its symbolic expression. When the expression is of unusual significance, we call it literature. Art is so personal an expression that we do not like to feel that it is bound to predetermined form of any sort. The possibilities of individual expression are infinite, language in particular is the most fluid of mediums. Yet some limitation there must be to this freedom, some resistance of the medium.

       In great art there is the illusion of absolute freedom. The formal restraints imposed by the material are not perceived; it is as though there were a limitless margin of elbow room between the artist’s fullest utilization of form and the most that the material is innately capable of. The artist has intuitively surrendered to the inescapable tyranny of the material, made its brute nature fuse easily with his conception. The material “disappears” precisely because there is nothing in the artist’s conception to indicate that any other material exists. For the time being, he, and we with him, move in the artistic medium as a fish moves in the water, oblivious of the existence of an alien atmosphere. No sooner, however, does the artist transgress the law of his medium than we realize with a start that there is a medium to obey.

          Language is the medium of literature as marble or bronze or clay are the materials of the sculptor. Since every language has its distinctive peculiarities, the innate formal limitations—and possibilities—of one literature are never quite the same as those of another. The literature fashioned out of the form and substance of a language has the color and the texture of its matrix. The literary artist may never be conscious of just how he is hindered or helped or otherwise guided by the matrix, but when it is a question of translating his work into another language, the nature of the original matrix manifests itself at once. All his effects have been calculated, or intuitively felt, with reference to the formal “genius” of his own language; they cannot be carried over without loss or modification. Croce is therefore perfectly right in saying that a work of literary art can never be translated. Nevertheless, literature does get itself translated, sometimes with astonishing adequacy.


Edward Sapir. Language: an introduction to the study of speech. 1921 (adapted)
According to the ideas of text 1A2-I, choose the correct option.
Alternativas
Q2324504 Português
Texto 1A1-II


       Como é possível que hoje, amanhã ou depois tornem a falar em crise ministerial, venho sugerir aos meus amigos um pequeno obséquio. Refiro-me à inclusão de meu nome nas listas de ministérios, que é de costume publicar anonimamente, com endereço ao imperador.

      Há de parecer esquisito que eu, até aqui pacato, solicite uma fineza destas que trescala a pura ambição. Explico-me com duas palavras e deixo de lado outras duas que também podiam ter muito valor, mas que não são a causa do meu pedido. (...)

       A primeira coisa é toda subjetiva; é para ter o gosto de reter o meu nome impresso, entre outros seis, para ministro de Estado. Ministro de quê? De qualquer coisa: contanto que o meu nome figure, importa pouco a designação. Ainda que fosse de verdade, eu não faria questão de pastas, quanto mais não sendo. Quero só o gosto; é só para ler de manhã, sete ou oito vezes, e andar com a folha no bolso, tirá-la de quando em quando, e ler para mim. E saborear comigo o prazer de ver o meu nome designado para governar.

         Agora a segunda coisa, que é menos recôndita. Tenho alguns parentes, vizinhos e amigos, uns na corte e outros no interior, e desejava que eles lessem o meu nome nas listas ministeriais, pela importância que isto me daria. Creia o leitor que só a presença do nome na lista me faria muito bem. Faz-se sempre bom juízo de um homem lembrado, em papéis públicos, para ocupar um lugar nos conselhos da coroa, e a influência da gente cresce. Eu, por exemplo, que nunca alcancei dar certa expressão ao meu estilo, pode ser que a tivesse daí em diante; expressão no estilo e olhos azuis na casa. Tudo isso por uma lista anônima, assinada — Um brasileiro ou A Pátria.

          (...)

          Eia. Venha de lá esse obséquio! Que diabo, custa pouco e rende muito! Porque a gratidão de um coração honesto é moeda preciosíssima. Mas pode render ainda mais. Sim, suponhamos, não digo que aconteça assim mesmo; mas suponhamos que o imperador, ao ler o meu nome, diga consigo que bem podia experimentar os meus talentos políticos e administrativos e inclua o meu nome no novo gabinete. Pelo amor de Deus, não me atribuam a afirmação de um tal caso; digo só que pode acontecer. E pergunto, dado que assim seja, se não é melhor ter no ministério um amigo, antes do que um inimigo ou um indiferente?

           Não cobiço tanto, contento-me com ser lembrado. Terei sido ministro relativamente.

Machado de Assis. Balas de estalo. In: Crônicas escolhidas de Machado de Assis. Coleção Folha Não Dá pra Não Ler. São Paulo: Ática, 1994, p. 60-62 (com adaptações).
No terceiro parágrafo do texto 1A1-II, a oração introduzida pela expressão “contanto que” veicula ideia de
Alternativas
Respostas
41: D
42: D
43: B
44: E
45: A