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Q3973916 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
Consider the excerpt below:

“Professor House calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is ‘not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism’.”

With respect to the use of pronouns and prepositional expressions in the excerpt, choose the correct alternative.
Alternativas
Q3973915 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
Match the expressions taken from the text with their grammatical classification.

Column A
1) a threat
2) present-day practices
3) their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies
4) an open mindset

Column B
(__) Noun phrase with indefinite article + abstract noun
(__) Noun phrase expressing possession
(__) Noun phrase with adjective modifying a compound noun
(__) Noun phrase formed by adjective + noun

Choose the correct sequence.
Alternativas
Q3973914 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
Consider the excerpt below:

“The field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning.”

The choice of the passive voice in the excerpt serves to:
Alternativas
Q3973913 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
Consider the excerpt below:

“The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world […] has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching…”

Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

(__) The structure there are is used to introduce the existence of a situation rather than to identify a specific agent.
(__) The expression there are today functions as a stylistic device to emphasize the current relevance of the situation described.
(__) Replacing there are with they are would preserve the same meaning and discourse function.
(__) The use of there to be is common in academic writing to present factual information impersonally.

Choose the correct alternative. 
Alternativas
Q3973911 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
In one of the excerpts, the author states:

“This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor.”

The verb forms used in the segment “will, if implemented, entail” indicate that: 
Alternativas
Q3973910 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
Consider the following excerpt from the text:

“The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing […]”

Mark the statements as True (T) or False (F).

(__) The verb form “has contributed” is in the Present Perfect and emphasizes the impact of a past development on current discussions. 
(__) The use of the Present Perfect suggests that the contribution is still relevant at the present time.
(__) Replacing “has contributed” with “contributed” would preserve exactly the same meaning in this context.
(__) The verb tense choice is consistent with academic discourse that focuses on ongoing effects rather than finished events.

Choose the correct alternative.
Alternativas
Q3973909 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
According to the author, consider the following excerpt:

“This line of research presented serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that, if implemented, would entail major changes in that endeavor.”

The use of verb tenses in “presented” and “would entail” indicates that: 
Alternativas
Q3973908 Inglês
Read the excerpts written by John Robert Schmitz, from the Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), São Paulo, taken from his article entitled “To ELF or not to ELF? (English as a Lingua Franca): That is the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world”:


The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world with institutionalized and nativized varieties as well as their own specific communicative, cultural and pragmatic competencies has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks. Jenkins' publications (2000, 2003) dealing with the phonology of English and material for teaching English as an international language along with her book English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) (2007) call for the disengagement of the language from Anglo-American native speaker norms. This line of research presents serious questions for Applied Linguistics (AL) and English Language Teaching (ELT) that will, if implemented, entail major changes in that endeavor. The winds of change may indeed be beneficial for some and a threat to others. I argue in this paper for an open mindset with respect to the issues and to the new state of affairs in this globalized world today. [...] The appearance of Lingua Franca English has contributed to rethinking the role of language assessment and testing (ELDER; DAVIES, 2006) along with reasoned debate (TAYLOR, 2006) with Jenkins (2006a, 2006b). In addition, the field of Second Language Acquisition has also been questioned (FIRTH, 1990, 1996), FIRTH; WAGNER, [1997] 2007) with regard to its dependence on native speaker standards as the measuring rod that determines successful learning. Finally, House (2003, p. 575) calls for continuing research on ELF in Europe and elsewhere, but concludes that it is "(...) not, for the present time, a threat to multilingualism".


Source: Schmitz, J. R. (2012). “To ELF or not to ELF?” (English as a Lingua Franca): that’s the question for Applied Linguistics in a globalized world. Revista Brasileira de Linguística Aplicada, 12(2), 249–284. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1984-63982012000200003
Consider the excerpt taken from the text:

“The realization that there are today more nonnative speakers than native speakers of English in the world […] has led to the rethinking of present-day practices in teaching, teacher preparation, and the writing of textbooks.”

The verb form “has led” is used in this context because it: 
Alternativas
Q3973182 Espanhol
Na aprendizagem baseada em projetos, o ensino da língua espanhola torna-se integrado e significativo porque 
Alternativas
Q3973177 Espanhol
Na relação de ensino-aprendizagem da língua espanhola, a integração de habilidades linguísticas tem por objetivo 
Alternativas
Q3973175 Espanhol
A formação da cidadania no ensino de língua espanhola ocorre quando o professor
Alternativas
Q3973172 Espanhol
No ensino de língua espanhola, a metodologia comunicativa valoriza sobretudo 
Alternativas
Q3973170 Espanhol
No contexto do ensino globalizado, o professor de língua espanhola deve 
Alternativas
Q3973169 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-IV 


    Cuando era niño, mi mamá pensaba que los jóvenes debían practicar un deporte y tocar un instrumento. Esto me incentivó a jugar fútbol y me enseñó a trabajar en equipo, generar confianza y buscar una meta común. También me animó a tocar el piano para mejorar la coordinación entre mi cerebro y mi cuerpo, mi capacidad cognitiva, perseverancia y disciplina.


    Luego, me interesé más en los pasatiempos y empecé a emplear más tiempo en ellos. Así que comencé a probar otros deportes como el basquetbol y el tenis. También, luego de desarrollar un muy buen gusto por la música, aprendí a tocar otros instrumentos como la guitarra y el violín. Todas estas herramientas fueron construyendo nuevas habilidades que podía utilizar en otras actividades.


    Mis miedos más grandes cuando era pequeño eran bailar, nadar y cocinar. Hace poco tiempo decidí afrontarlos, por lo que me inscribí en clases de flamenco, clases de natación y clases de cocina. Estudié mucho: la práctica me ayudó para hacerlas mejor cada día. Además, ahora preparo comidas deliciosas para mi familia todos los domingos. Los pasatiempos me han ayudado a aprender mucho y a sentirme mucho más autosuficiente y confiado de mis propias aptitudes.


Internet: <lingua.com/es/> (con adaptaciones).

Es correcto afirmar que, en la última oración del texto 4A2-IV, «Los pasatiempos me han ayudado a aprender mucho y a sentirme mucho más autosuficiente y confiado de mis propias aptitudes»,
Alternativas
Q3973168 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-IV 


    Cuando era niño, mi mamá pensaba que los jóvenes debían practicar un deporte y tocar un instrumento. Esto me incentivó a jugar fútbol y me enseñó a trabajar en equipo, generar confianza y buscar una meta común. También me animó a tocar el piano para mejorar la coordinación entre mi cerebro y mi cuerpo, mi capacidad cognitiva, perseverancia y disciplina.


    Luego, me interesé más en los pasatiempos y empecé a emplear más tiempo en ellos. Así que comencé a probar otros deportes como el basquetbol y el tenis. También, luego de desarrollar un muy buen gusto por la música, aprendí a tocar otros instrumentos como la guitarra y el violín. Todas estas herramientas fueron construyendo nuevas habilidades que podía utilizar en otras actividades.


    Mis miedos más grandes cuando era pequeño eran bailar, nadar y cocinar. Hace poco tiempo decidí afrontarlos, por lo que me inscribí en clases de flamenco, clases de natación y clases de cocina. Estudié mucho: la práctica me ayudó para hacerlas mejor cada día. Además, ahora preparo comidas deliciosas para mi familia todos los domingos. Los pasatiempos me han ayudado a aprender mucho y a sentirme mucho más autosuficiente y confiado de mis propias aptitudes.


Internet: <lingua.com/es/> (con adaptaciones).

Considere el primer párrafo del texto 4A2-IV y juzgue los siguientes ítems.
I El verbo «era» se encuentra en presente de indicativo.
II El verbo «pensaba» se encuentra en pretérito imperfecto.
III El verbo «debían» se encuentra en pretérito imperfecto.
IV El verbo «incentivó» se encuentra en condicional.
V El verbo «animó» se encuentra en presente de subjuntivo.
VI El verbo «ensenó» se encuentra en futuro del subjuntivo.
Solamente están correctos los ítems 
Alternativas
Q3973167 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-IV 


    Cuando era niño, mi mamá pensaba que los jóvenes debían practicar un deporte y tocar un instrumento. Esto me incentivó a jugar fútbol y me enseñó a trabajar en equipo, generar confianza y buscar una meta común. También me animó a tocar el piano para mejorar la coordinación entre mi cerebro y mi cuerpo, mi capacidad cognitiva, perseverancia y disciplina.


    Luego, me interesé más en los pasatiempos y empecé a emplear más tiempo en ellos. Así que comencé a probar otros deportes como el basquetbol y el tenis. También, luego de desarrollar un muy buen gusto por la música, aprendí a tocar otros instrumentos como la guitarra y el violín. Todas estas herramientas fueron construyendo nuevas habilidades que podía utilizar en otras actividades.


    Mis miedos más grandes cuando era pequeño eran bailar, nadar y cocinar. Hace poco tiempo decidí afrontarlos, por lo que me inscribí en clases de flamenco, clases de natación y clases de cocina. Estudié mucho: la práctica me ayudó para hacerlas mejor cada día. Además, ahora preparo comidas deliciosas para mi familia todos los domingos. Los pasatiempos me han ayudado a aprender mucho y a sentirme mucho más autosuficiente y confiado de mis propias aptitudes.


Internet: <lingua.com/es/> (con adaptaciones).

En el texto 4A2-IV, el narrador menciona varias actividades de su infancia y juventud. Señale la opción correcta.
Alternativas
Q3973165 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-III 


    Los desafíos que encara el mundo al inicio de la segunda década del siglo XXI hacen más necesario que nunca el conocimiento profundo del pasado. No con la idea de evitar la repetición del mismo, como sugería la sabiduría popular, ni mucho menos con la de exaltar glorias del pasado, sino, con el objetivo de conocer los procesos a través de los cuales el mundo ha llegado a la situación en la que nos encontramos. En su Apologie pour l’histoire (traducida al castellano como Introducción a la historia), March Bloch (1886-1944) afirmaba que la historia era «la ciencia de los hombres en el tiempo» y, por lo tanto, tenía — y tiene — por objeto de estudio las relaciones entre el pasado y el presente, es decir, lo que cambia, lo que se diluye y lo que permanece. La historia, en consecuencia, no se interesa por el ayer en sí mismo, sino por los procesos y las dinámicas sociales a lo largo de los siglos.


    En el caso de las relaciones entre España y América Latina, y particularmente el mundo hispanoamericano, el pasado compartido tiene una larga data. Esta afirmación sería una obviedad, si no fuera porque en los últimos tiempos, a ambos lados del Atlántico, el debate público ha focalizado su mirada en el proceso de conquista desarrollado a partir del siglo XVI y sus múltiples consecuencias, ignorando que la relación entre la España contemporánea y las diversas naciones americanas surgidas de la desintegración de la Monarquía Católica en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX se ha prolongado a lo largo de cinco siglos. La interacción continuada y recíproca a lo largo del tiempo entre ambas orillas del Atlántico ha dado como resultado de la construcción de un patrimonio común que puede y debe ser reconocido como propio, en tanto que dicha interacción ha generado lo que podríamos denominar «marcas culturales» que constituyen elementos estructurales de nuestra identidad y nuestras sociedades, conformando así una comunidad de sentimientos, es decir, formas de ver el mundo, de pensar y de sentir que nos son propias y en las que podemos reconocernos en cualquier rincón de la geografía española o hispanoamericana. 


Internet: <www.nuevarevista.net>  (con adaptaciones). 

Es correcto inferir de las ideas del texto 4A2-III que entender el pasado es 
Alternativas
Q3973164 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-III 


    Los desafíos que encara el mundo al inicio de la segunda década del siglo XXI hacen más necesario que nunca el conocimiento profundo del pasado. No con la idea de evitar la repetición del mismo, como sugería la sabiduría popular, ni mucho menos con la de exaltar glorias del pasado, sino, con el objetivo de conocer los procesos a través de los cuales el mundo ha llegado a la situación en la que nos encontramos. En su Apologie pour l’histoire (traducida al castellano como Introducción a la historia), March Bloch (1886-1944) afirmaba que la historia era «la ciencia de los hombres en el tiempo» y, por lo tanto, tenía — y tiene — por objeto de estudio las relaciones entre el pasado y el presente, es decir, lo que cambia, lo que se diluye y lo que permanece. La historia, en consecuencia, no se interesa por el ayer en sí mismo, sino por los procesos y las dinámicas sociales a lo largo de los siglos.


    En el caso de las relaciones entre España y América Latina, y particularmente el mundo hispanoamericano, el pasado compartido tiene una larga data. Esta afirmación sería una obviedad, si no fuera porque en los últimos tiempos, a ambos lados del Atlántico, el debate público ha focalizado su mirada en el proceso de conquista desarrollado a partir del siglo XVI y sus múltiples consecuencias, ignorando que la relación entre la España contemporánea y las diversas naciones americanas surgidas de la desintegración de la Monarquía Católica en las primeras décadas del siglo XIX se ha prolongado a lo largo de cinco siglos. La interacción continuada y recíproca a lo largo del tiempo entre ambas orillas del Atlántico ha dado como resultado de la construcción de un patrimonio común que puede y debe ser reconocido como propio, en tanto que dicha interacción ha generado lo que podríamos denominar «marcas culturales» que constituyen elementos estructurales de nuestra identidad y nuestras sociedades, conformando así una comunidad de sentimientos, es decir, formas de ver el mundo, de pensar y de sentir que nos son propias y en las que podemos reconocernos en cualquier rincón de la geografía española o hispanoamericana. 


Internet: <www.nuevarevista.net>  (con adaptaciones). 

Se entiende del segundo párrafo del texto 4A2-III que la relación entre España e Hispanoamérica 
Alternativas
Q3973162 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-II 


    El Cumpleaños Feliz es una de las canciones más famosas en el mundo y se utiliza para celebrar el aniversario de nacimiento de alguna persona. Procede de una canción llamada Good Morning to All (Buenos días a todos), que fue escrita en inglés por Matty y Mildred Hill en 1893.


    Esta canción se hizo popular rápidamente y ha sido traducida a muchos idiomas, por lo que se canta en las celebraciones de cumpleaños en muchos países y culturas.


    Aunque existe más de una versión la más popular de España se canta así:


Feliz, feliz en tu día

amiguito que Dios te bendiga

que reine la paz en tu vida

y que cumplas muchos más.

En México se canta otra versión:

El día en que tú naciste

Nacieron todas las flores...

Levántate de mañana

Mira que ya amaneció.



Internet: <www.donquijote.org> (con adaptaciones)

Se entiende del texto 4A2-II que la letra de la canción de cumpleaños 
Alternativas
Q3973161 Espanhol

Texto 4A2-I 


    ¿Sabías que el contacto físico en una conversación es un aspecto normal de la comunicación para los españoles, y no debe ser considerado una intrusión del espacio personal? Son formas de comunicación que te pueden sorprender cuando llegas a España, y a las que te debes adaptar lo antes posible.


    Aprender español es más que saber solo la gramática y el vocabulario. Es conocer a la gente y su forma de vida: las costumbres, tradiciones, celebraciones y otros aspectos que pueden ser típicos de la cultura española.


    Tanto el relajado estilo de vida de España, como la hospitalidad que la caracteriza, son cualidades que los visitantes y estudiantes encuentran encantadoras.


Internet: <www.donquijote.org>  (con adaptaciones). 

Según las ideas contenidas en el texto 4A2-I, es correcto afirmar que saber una lengua extranjera conlleva a
Alternativas
Respostas
3661: C
3662: A
3663: B
3664: A
3665: D
3666: A
3667: B
3668: B
3669: D
3670: C
3671: E
3672: D
3673: A
3674: A
3675: B
3676: C
3677: A
3678: D
3679: D
3680: E