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Today is the 10th annual World Toilet Day. Sponsored by the Singapore-based World Toilet Organization, the event is meant to build awareness about the risks that lack of sanitation present to the physical, emotional and psychological health of 2.6 billion people around the world. Fortunately, poor sanitation is receiving an increasing amount of attention from NGOs, academics and other problem-solvers around the world. But there isn’t time to waste, since lack of hygiene contributes to diarrheal diseases that claim the lives of 1.5 million poor children each year.
Earlier this year, The Gates Foundation awarded a total of $3 million to researchers at 8 universities as part of its Reinvent the Toilet competition. Unlike the innovations that are taking place with flush toilets, these grants are aimed at designing, developing and prototyping waterless, hygienic toilets that cost less than $0.05 per user per day. The foundation also awarded a $4.8 million grant to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) for a project called Sanitation Ventures. For it, researchers are developing ways to speed up the decomposition process in pit latrines. Organisms such as tiger worms, placed near the surface of the latrines, can effectively increase the speed of composting. Beneath that, in a filtration bed, liquid waste is further treated by aerobic bacteria. The end product is a treated sewage material that can later be used as a fertilizer.
And if that sounds gross, well, get over it. Human-waste-based fertilizer has been used in many parts of the world for centuries. The key is to process it correctly — at the right temperature and for enough time — to ensure that all pathogens are eliminated. In fact, aside from better public health, one of the major benefits of developing sanitation solutions for the developing world is creating an end product with value, such as fertilizer or biochar for energy.
(http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/ safe-sanitation-systems-close-the-loop-on-poop/2084-19/11/2011. Adaptado)
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine’s researchers are working to
Today is the 10th annual World Toilet Day. Sponsored by the Singapore-based World Toilet Organization, the event is meant to build awareness about the risks that lack of sanitation present to the physical, emotional and psychological health of 2.6 billion people around the world. Fortunately, poor sanitation is receiving an increasing amount of attention from NGOs, academics and other problem-solvers around the world. But there isn’t time to waste, since lack of hygiene contributes to diarrheal diseases that claim the lives of 1.5 million poor children each year.
Earlier this year, The Gates Foundation awarded a total of $3 million to researchers at 8 universities as part of its Reinvent the Toilet competition. Unlike the innovations that are taking place with flush toilets, these grants are aimed at designing, developing and prototyping waterless, hygienic toilets that cost less than $0.05 per user per day. The foundation also awarded a $4.8 million grant to the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM) for a project called Sanitation Ventures. For it, researchers are developing ways to speed up the decomposition process in pit latrines. Organisms such as tiger worms, placed near the surface of the latrines, can effectively increase the speed of composting. Beneath that, in a filtration bed, liquid waste is further treated by aerobic bacteria. The end product is a treated sewage material that can later be used as a fertilizer.
And if that sounds gross, well, get over it. Human-waste-based fertilizer has been used in many parts of the world for centuries. The key is to process it correctly — at the right temperature and for enough time — to ensure that all pathogens are eliminated. In fact, aside from better public health, one of the major benefits of developing sanitation solutions for the developing world is creating an end product with value, such as fertilizer or biochar for energy.
(http://www.smartplanet.com/blog/design-architecture/ safe-sanitation-systems-close-the-loop-on-poop/2084-19/11/2011. Adaptado)
According to the text, poor sanitation
Para as tubulações e conexões em PVC, utilizadas nas instalações prediais de água fria, considerando as variações térmicas, a norma da ABNT determina uma pressão máxima de
As conexões hidráulicas, curvas e joelhos, têm por finalidade realizar desvios de acordo com o ângulo da peça utilizada, 90° ou 45°, na direção do fluxo de esgotos. A diferença básica entre uma curva e um joelho é o
O motor hidráulico desenvolve torque devido à pressão aplicada nas superfícies dos dentes das rodas. Essas rodas giram juntas, porém apenas uma está ligada ao eixo do motor, o que o classifica como um motor
Por uma questão de manutenção, antes de se colocar em funcionamento qualquer bomba hidráulica, deve-se encher toda canalização de sucção com o líquido a ser bombeado, facilitando a lubrificação e evitando que a bomba funcione a seco.
Esse processo é definido comoA pressão máxima a que podemos submeter uma tubulação, conexão, válvula, registro ou outro dispositivo, quando em uso normal, é definida como pressão
Para uma residência com cinco pessoas, foi definida a utilização da água de chuva para reuso na irrigação de um jardim com área de 500 m², onde são gastos 2 litros/dia/m². Considerando a frequência de irrigação de 12 vezes/mês, a quantidade em litros de água de chuva por mês é de
O recolhimento da água de chuva pode ser feito em três etapas: 1 – somente captação; 2 – captação e pré-filtração e 3 – captação, pré-filtração e tratamento. A etapa que faz a captação e pré-filtração resultará numa água com nível de qualidade considerado como
Nas instalações prediais de água pluvial, as tubulações verticais e horizontais que recolhem a água das saídas e dos ralos e a conduzem ao ponto de descarga são geralmente denominadas
Os aparelhos sanitários devem ser protegidos com desconectores, destinados a evitar a penetração no ambiente interno dos gases emanados da instalação primária de esgoto ou da própria canalização secundária. Recomenda-se que esses desconectores tenham um fecho hídrico de altura mínima de
Os diferentes tipos de distribuição utilizados para as instalações prediais de água fria são
A logic circuit has three boolean inputs and one output named A, B, C and S respectively. The boolean input A is connected to an inverter gate, and its result is submitted to an AND gate, along with the input signal B. The AND gate output is then submitted to an OR gate along with the remaining boolean input C. The output of the OR gate is the resulting signal S.
De acordo com o texto, o circuito lógico possuiA four poles, three-phase, doubly-feed induction motor has its rotor winding terminals left unconnected. A three-phase symmetrical power source, with 220,0 [V] and 60,0 [Hz], is suddenly connected to the machine stator electrical terminals at standstill, resulting in line currents with 5,0 [A] of magnitude, lagging the stator voltages for almost 90,0 degrees in each phase.
O texto ilustra a ligação à rede trifásica de alimentação de uma máquinaA 4 poles pairs synchronous machine operates as a motor inside an industrial electrical network, with nominal frequency of 50,0 [Hz]. The synchronous machine rotor is equipped with short-circuited bars, creating a squirrel-cage auxiliary winding, dedicated for dumping effects during transients and also to allow the startup of the motor, when the machine is directly connected to the mains power source.
É apresentada no texto uma máquina elétricaA transformer has a primary winding circuit with 200 turns and a secondary winding circuit with 10 turns. In an ideal, lossless, transformer model, the magnetic core permeability is infinite despite the voltages applied to the windings, the two windings are perfectly coupled and there are no internal resistance in the condutors. In such transformer, when a sinusoidal voltage is applied at the secondary winding with an amplitude of 5,0 [V] RMS, the RMS voltage in the primary winding terminals is equal to 100,0 [V].
Com relação a esse texto, assinale a alternative correta.In an experiment, two point charges Q1 and Q2 were put on a straight line path, at a certain distance from each other. When both Q1 and Q2 are charged with +2,0 [mC] each, the resulting electric field intensity equals zero in the middle point in the line path between Q1 and Q2. This is true since their electric field vectors in this position have the same magnitude but opposite directions.
Com relação a esse texto, assinale a alternativa correta.Um acionamento eletrônico para motores possui um rendimento de 90,0 [%]. Esse acionamento é responsável por administrar a energia da rede elétrica para a movimentação de um motor que, por sua vez, está ligado a uma carga mecânica que demanda 5,0 [kW] de potência no seu eixo para seu funcionamento. Sabendo que o motor possui um rendimento de 80,0 [%], a potência absorvida da rede elétrica para funcionamento do conjunto carga + motor + acionamento é, aproximadamente:
A respeito das medidas de proteção coletiva citadas na Norma Regulamentadora 10 (NR 10), assinale a alternativa correta.
Um IED, ou Intelligent Electronic Device, consiste em um equipamento digital, microprocessado, capaz de executar tarefas de proteção e automação de um sistema elétrico em tempo real. Esse equipamento foi conectado a um computador pessoal por meio de uma interface padrão EIA RS-232C. Essa interface é
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