After analyzing the cartoons, answer the question:

What can be stated about students’ learning autonomy?

According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987, p.59-63), a course designer needs to gather some kind of information from an analysis of learning needs. To analyse learning needs, the authors proposed an analysis framework. Choose the alternative that refers to the framework for analyzing learning needs:

On the other hand, one may wonder what role English for Specific Purposes (ESP) plays in Brazil? The answer is: ESP has also its place in the Brazilian educational c ontext. It is now a well-established area field of language teaching and learning in the country. As already attested elsewhere (Ramos, 2005) ESP is a part of innumerable new textbooks that were put on the market in the last 10 years. It is part of the content indicated for the tertiary level entrance exams (maned Vestibular) in the country. It is the name of many courses that are offered in Brazilian universities.

(RAMOS, R. C. G. ESP in Brazil: history, new trends and challenges. In: KRZANOWSKI, M. (Ed.). ESP and EAP in Developing and in Least Developing Countries. IATEFL, 2008. p. 68-83.)

Which of the following are characteristics of English for Specific Purposes?

1. Meets specific needs of learners.

2. Makes use of underlying methodology and activities of the discipline it serves.

3. Is centered on the language appropriate to these activities in terms of grammar, lexis, syntax, study skills, discourse and genre.

4. Is designed for business purposes only.

5. Follows a specific methodology.

Leaving words out

Ellipsis means leaving words out. Instead of repeating a noun phrase, we can use a pronoun or we can leave the pronoun out. Instead of repeating a verb phrase, we can use a substitution form or leave the substitution form out. We usually use ellipsis instead of repeating words before nouns in phrases joined by and, but, or. We can also use ellipsis after a comma in a list.

(adapted from YULE, George. Oxford Practice Grammar. Pearson: 2001, p.106)

Choose the shortest possible version of the following text considering the explanation about ellipsis.

He put the money on the table and he sat down. He sat in his hot clothes and he felt heavy. The woman looked over at him and she smiled. Her smile said she was in charge and she could take his money if she wanted to take his money. The smile lingered for a moment or two than the smile disappeared and the smile was replaced by a dark stare.

One of the most commonly mispronounced sounds in American English is the “th” sound. This is likely do to the fact that the “th” phonemes are rare sounds, not found in most European and Asian languages. When we do not have a sound in our own language, the natural tendency to substitute a similar sound, such as “z,” “d” or “t.” Unfortunately, this has a big impact on accent, because the “th” sound is found in 20% of the 25 words we say the most in English. The most commonly used word, “the,” begins with this sound. So, when we mispronounce “th,” it is very noticeable in everyday speech.


Choose the words in which the ‘th’ sound is voiced

Tomlinson (2011, p.7) states that materials should achieve impact. “Impact is achieved when materials have a noticeable effect on learners, that is when the learners’ curiosity, interest and attention are attracted. If this is achieved there is a better chance that some of the language in the materials will be taken in for processing”. According to the author, materials can achieve impact through some aspects.

Choose the alternative that is approached by Tomlinson (2006):

“Our concern is with language learning. We cannot simply assume that describing and exemplifying what people do with language will enable someone to learn it. If that were so, we would need to do more than read a grammar book and a dictionary in order to learn a language. A truly valid approach to ESP must be based on an understanding of the processes of language learning”

(HUTCHINSON & WATERS, 1987, p.14)

According to Hutchinson and Waters (1987), the subject of their book is:

Mark the sentence in which the word “however” has the same word class, syntactic function and meaning of the one in the sentence “However, with the rise of e-books and digital devices, the researchers were surprised to find that reading had dropped so steeply.” (lines 147-149)

Mark the sentence in which the word “yet” has the same function and meaning of the one in the sentence “‘Yet reading has still declined precipitously,’ said Twenge.” (lines 154-156)

The suffixes –AN as in “American” (line 95), –ION as in “Association” (line 95) and –LY as in “nationally” (line 109) are used to form respectively

The words/phrases that are semantically related in Text III and can be used interchangeably are

The only question that can be answered by referring to the text is

The survey of the American Psychological Association (APA) showed the students

After reading Text III, one can correctly conclude that it is about

Read the following statements referring to Text III and insert T (True) or F (False) in the parentheses accordingly.
( ) Streaming has caused the fall of time spent watching TV. ( ) In all, APA analyzed around 50.000 responses from students every year. ( ) 12^th graders read about three times more books in the 1970s than in 2016.
The correct sequence downwards is

Before 1991 APA researchers

According to the text,

Mark the correct statement about Text III.

Match the date with the corresponding fact by numbering Column II according to Column I.
Column I  1. Late 1970s 2. 1991 3. Mid-2010s 4. 2016 
Column II ( ) About 20% of high school seniors reported reading every day. ( ) The majority of 12^th graders declared reading for pleasure almost daily. ( ) 8^th- and 10^th-grade subjects started to participate in the MTF survey project. ( ) 12^th graders reported devoting 1/4 of their daily hours to digital media.
The correct sequence downwards is

Dr. Twenge’s team