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Disinformation1 in public health is a distinct type of information risk which, unlike misinformation2, is created with malicious intent to spread discord, disharmony and mistrust in targets such as government agencies, scientific experts, public health agencies, private sector and law enforcement, among others. The potential impacts of disinformation can be understood through examples during the Covid-19 pandemic. The Covid-19 pandemic had two key elements that created the perfect storm for disinformation to proliferate and spread. First, it rapidly caused global fear, increasing uncertainty and doubt. Second, it occurred at a point in history where people can easily access, create and share information (as well as misinformation and disinformation) widely over the internet, mobile telecommunications, media and social media platforms. As the pandemic took hold, many posts appeared on social media and spread through instant messaging communications, increasing uncertainty about the treatment, the safety and effectiveness of vaccines, the usefulness of social distancing, and more. This caused social protest, delayed vaccine uptake and led to higher death rates in some instances.

(https://who.int, 06.02.2024. Adaptado.)

1disinformation: informação falsa criada ou compartilhada com o objetivo de enganar.

2misinformation: informação falsa ou enganosa, mas que é compartilhada sem intenção de enganar.

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The seeds in a sunflower exhibit a golden spiral, which is tied to the Fibonacci sequence.

(Image credit: belterz/Getty Images)

The Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two that precede it. Starting at 0 and 1, the first 10 numbers of the sequence look like this: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, and so on forever. The Fibonacci sequence can be described using a mathematical equation: X_n+2 = X_n+1 + X_n. People claim there are many special properties about the numerical sequence, such as the fact that it is “nature’s secret code” for building perfect structures, like the Great Pyramid at Giza or the iconic seashell that likely graced the cover of your school mathematics textbook. But much of that is incorrect and the true history of the series is a bit more down-to-earth. The first thing to know is that the sequence is not originally Fibonacci’s, who in fact never went by that name. The Italian mathematician who we call Leonardo Fibonacci was born around 1170, and originally known as Leonardo of Pisa, said Keith Devlin, a mathematician at Stanford University. (...)

“Liber Abaci” first introduced the sequence to the Western world. But after a few scant paragraphs on breeding rabbits, Leonardo of Pisa never mentioned the sequence again. In fact, it was mostly forgotten until the 19th century, when mathematicians worked out more about the sequence’s mathematical properties. In 1877, French mathematician Édouard Lucas officially named the rabbit problem “the Fibonacci sequence”, Devlin said. Other than being a neat teaching tool, the Fibonacci sequence shows up in a few places in nature. However, it’s not some secret code that governs the architecture of the universe, Devlin said.

It’s true that the Fibonacci sequence is tightly connected to what’s now known as the golden ratio, phi, an irrational number that has a great deal of its own dubious lore. The ratio of successive numbers in the Fibonacci sequence gets ever closer to the golden ratio, which is 1.6180339887498948482. The golden ratio manages to capture some types of plant growth, Devlin said. For instance, the spiral arrangement of leaves or petals on some plants follows the golden ratio. Pinecones exhibit a golden spiral, as do the seeds in a sunflower, according to "Phyllotaxis: A Systemic Study in Plant Morphogenesis"(Cambridge University Press, 1994). But there are just as many plants that do not follow this rule.

Adaptado de: What “is the Fibonacci sequence”?, Deblin said | Live Science.

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Brian Tomlinson and Hitomi Masuhara, The Complete Guide to the Theory and Practice of Materials Development for Language Learning

    Whenever we look for resources on materials development, it is difficult to find books which bring together theory and practice in an organic manner. This book does precisely that; it provides the practicality of materials development guides and the academic rigour of reports and research studies published in the field.

    Tomlinson and Masuhara’s book has three specific aims. First is to help teachers, researchers and students to know, understand and be constructively critical of what has been achieved to date; secondly to help them develop, adapt, use, review and research materials on their own. Finally, while talking most particularly to teachers, the authors highlight that they want the strong opinions and approaches presented in the book to inspire readers to think independently and to develop and apply innovative approaches on their own.

    These three aims seem to be very ambitious and that is the feeling you get when you read through the chapters. The book includes everything related to the theory and practice in materials development to date, and advocates that theory must inform practice and vice versa. Each of the fifteen chapters ends with a section which includes recommendations for teachers followed by a ‘What do you think?’ section to encourage them to reflect on their own contexts and teaching experience in them.

    Although at times the book seems overwhelming as it attempts to provide everything about materials in language learning, it successfully realizes its aim to address a wide audience from publishers, researchers to teachers.

(https://www.fortell.org. acessado em 02.10.2025. Adaptado)

Like many homeless people in America, Derek Forter’s story is not one of crime or bad choices. Instead, he was a casualty of the economic recession.

"One day my company laid off half its employees. Soon I was behind on my rent, and before I knew it I’d lost my apartment.”

Imagem: https://www.foxbusiness.com/markets/

        To make matters worse, Derek could not secure employment and thinks he knows why.

        “I would show up in my cleanest pants and shirt, but I knew I didn’t represent myself well – the other applicants all looked so much more professional. It really affected my self-esteem.”

        Luckily, through a local agency, Derek got in touch with Look the Part, a non-profit organization dedicated to helping homeless people join the workforce. Their motto: Look the part.

        “They were phenomenal, giving me a complete makeover inside and out. Not only did they get me a haircut too. Then, they helped with my resume, and we practiced mock interviews. I was more confident than ever, and I nailed my next interview. I’ve been working ever since, and I couldn’t be more grateful.”

        Unfortunately, the demand for services like those provided by Look the Part far outweighs their current capabilities. And even though there are other similar organizations, like JobReady and First Impressions, there are many people still struggling to find employment.

In: American Inside Out Evolution. Student’s book Advanced B. KAY, Sue et all. Macmillan Publishers, São Paulo: 2028. Adaptado

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The implications of a rapidly changing information ecosystem on how governments communicate 

    Public communication does not happen in a vacuum: the context in which it occurs is core to understanding the challenges and opportunities it faces. Indeed, the analysis of its role for policy and governance mechanisms is made urgent by shifts in the information ecosystem that have transformed the function over the past decade and raised important implications for democracy. The technological revolution that has connected the world through social media has given rise to online social movements and simplified the creation and sharing of content and data. Such changes have also facilitated, however, the spread of mis- and disinformation, contributed to undermining the role of traditional information gatekeepers, and have fundamentally changed how governments communicate. Whereas until the early 2000s a so-called “one-to-many” model of communication prevailed, this has shifted today to a “many-to-many” model. Anyone can be both a producer and a consumer of information, and anybody with an internet connection has the potential to engage with and influence public debates.

    Traditionally, governments had largely relied on traditional media to amplify official messages to reach citizens. With the advent of digital channels, this approach has gradually lost its primacy to direct institution-to-individual communication via online platforms that bypass traditional media. This shift has also enabled a broader scope for governments to communicate about more diverse policy issues targeted to more specific audiences, as traditional media tend to concentrate on “newsworthy” subjects and political affairs, often under-reporting less mainstream issues. The unprecedented volumes of data that promise to make communication ever more precise, combined with the direct, unmediated access to vast and diverse publics, are some of the opportunities and challenges that have emerged.

    At the same time, digital platforms have altered patterns in eople’s consumption of information and raised demands on their attention. The latter has become a resource that technology companies sell to advertisers. In turn, the design of online platforms and their algorithms, and the massive increase in the volume of information served to increase competition for what content people pay attention to, while making focus more superficial. As governments compete with all other information sources for the public’s attention, cognitive and psychological factors such as information overload can undermine the efficacy of even well-crafted content.

    Online and social media have also heightened the pace at which information travels, accelerated the news cycle, and enabled a wider range of actors to drive discussions on policy issues. Taken together, digital technologies have produced a complex information ecosystem that has made it more challenging for official messages to “cut through the noise”. Cumulatively, these changes require considerable adjustments to practices, public officials’ skills, and even to how communication is organised, if governments are to make the most of the digital transformation and ensure it can promote better governance. […]

    The ability for governments to use the communication function to promote constructive democratic spaces is critically threatened by widespread mis- and disinformation. When falsehoods spread extensively and rapidly on issues of public policy, official messages are drowned out, creating significant challenges for public communicators to get key information out to all groups in society. Whether in the context of elections, health crises, migration or climate change, mis- and disinformation cast evidence and facts into doubt, sow distrust, and work against policy goals.

Adapted from: https://www.oecd.org/content/dam/oecd/en/publications/ reports/2021/12/oecd-report-on-public-communication_b74311bc/22f8031c-en.pdf