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Read the text below and answer question.
Sometimes when we have talked or written about using ideas from complexity theory, we have been challenged as to whether we are 'just' being metaphorical. There are two ways to answer this question: firstly, to reject the 'just' and to assert the importance of metaphor; and secondly, to discuss what it would mean to say that the comparison between systems in applied linguistics and complex systems is more than metaphor. Our contention, to be supported throughout this book, is that complexity theory off ers applied linguistics at least an important new metaphor that brings with it new ways of thinking about issues in the field, and, maximally, may push the field towards radical theoretical change. (…) Metaphors are not just literary tools for ornamenting language; they are indispensable to the human mind. Whenever we have to contemplate the abstract, voice the difficult, or make sense of the complicated, we turn to metaphor. Metaphor enables us to 'see' or understand one thing in terms of another, through analogies or mappings between two conceptual domains.
(Cameron 1999). LARSEN-FREEMAN, Diane; CAMERON, Lynne. Complex systems and applied linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008. p. 11.
I. The authors argue that complexity theory should be seen primarily as a rhetorical or literary device in applied linguistics.
II. According to the text, one response to the criticism about metaphor is to emphasize the fundamental importance of metaphors in human cognition.
III. The authors claim that complexity theory may contribute not only to new ways of thinking but also to potentially radical theoretical changes in applied linguistics.
IV. The text suggests that metaphors are mainly used to embellish language rather than to support understanding of abstract or complex ideas.
V. Metaphor is presented as a cognitive tool that allows understanding one conceptual domain in terms of another through analogies or mappings.
Which statement is NOT accurate regarding the use of infinitives in the following headlines?
Headline 1:
Exclusive: US to issue generallifting some sanctions on Venezuelan oil industry
It's a shift from a previous plan to grant individual exemptions to sanctions for companies seeking to do business in the country.
Headline 2:
https://www.theguardian.com/international.
Read the text below and answer question.
Language learning, like any other type of learning, is not a linear process and therefore cannot be deemed as predictable as some of these models of acquisition have hypothesized it to be. Minimal differences in initial conditions can cause very different results. Nevertheless, I consider that the previous attempts to explain SLA should not be disregarded because when they are put together they provide a broader view of the phenomenon. In this new perspective, a SLA model should be considered as a set of connections within a dynamic system that moves in the direction of the “edge of chaos” considered as a zone of creativity with the maximum potential for learning.
PAIVA, V. L. M. O. Second Language Acquisition: Reconciling Theories. Open Journal of Applied Sciences, 2013, 3, 404-412. Disponível em: http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ ojapps.2013.37050.
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Advérbios e conjunções em inglês para concursos públicos
O estudo de advérbios e conjunções na língua inglesa é fundamental para quem deseja se destacar em provas de concursos públicos. Esses elementos desempenham papéis essenciais na construção de frases, influenciando diretamente o sentido e a coesão textual, habilidades bastante exigidas nas questões de interpretação e compreensão de textos em inglês.
Artigos (Articles) em inglês: uso em concursos públicos
Artigos (Articles) são palavras essenciais na gramática da língua inglesa, usadas para indicar se um substantivo está sendo mencionado de forma específica ou geral. Eles desempenham papel fundamental em provas de concursos, pois ajudam na compreensão e interpretação dos textos, além de serem frequentemente cobrados em questões envolvendo uso correto de estruturas gramaticais.
UN: Iran using drones to enforce hijab law
A report by the United Nations says Iran is using advanced technology, including drones, facial recognition and a citizen-reporting app to crack down _______ violations of its mandatory hijab laws.
A key element of the eff ort is the government - backed Nazer app, which enables the police and "vetted" members of the public to report alleged violations by women in vehicles, including those in ambulances, mass transit and taxis.
The report describes the app as allowing users to upload the vehicle license plate, location and time of an alleged violation. It then, according to the report, alerts police. Then, according to the report, the app "triggers a text message (in real-time) to the registered owner of the vehicle, warning them that they had been found ______ violation of the mandatory hijab laws, and that their vehicles would be impounded for ignoring these warnings."
According to the report, authorities are using drones in Tehran and the southern part of the country to monitor hijab compliance in public areas, as well as new facial recognition software said to have been installed last year _______ the entrance of Tehran’s Amirkabir University.
(Source: VOA News, March 15th, 2025. UN: Iran using drones to enforce hijab law.
Available at: https://www.voanews.com/a/un-iran-using-drones-to-enforce-hijab-law/8011563.html)
While ESP teachers may have some understanding of the fields in which their students work, these teachers do not have to be knowledgeable in all of these fields. A degree in law or medicine is not required of teachers in ESP courses for lawyers or doctors. In ESP, teachers’ and students’ roles are different but complementary. Teachers are the language education specialists; they know (about) English in addition to having pedagogical skills. Students, on the other hand, have some knowledge of their professional field (generally in their first language) and usually have a real motivation to learn the language (e.g., communicate with clients, read a manual, be promoted). It is not possible to generalize, however, whether they know English.
SARMENTO, S.; VIANA, V.; BOCORNY, Ana E. English for Specific Purposes (ESP). TESOL Press: 2018.
Read the following text and answer question.
Spain announces plans to ban social media for under -16s
Spain has become the latest European country to make plans to ban social media for children under the age of 16. The ban, which still needs parliamentary approval, is part of a raft of changes that include making company executives responsible for "illegal or harmful content" on their platforms.
Australia became the world's first country to bring in a ban last year, with others watching - and judging - its success. France, Denmark and Austria have also announced that they are considering their own national age limits.
The UK government has launched a consultation on whether to implement a ban for under-16s. Social media companies have argued that the bans would be ineffective, difficult to implement and could isolate vulnerable teenagers. Reddit is challenging Australia's ban in the High Court.
The new laws would also criminalise manipulating algorithms to amplify illegal content. The European Commission has launched an investigation into Grok [X's AI tool] over concerns it was used to create sexualised images of real people. The UK has announced its own investigation into Grok and on Tuesday in France, the offices of X were raided by the Paris prosecutor's cyber-crime unit as it looked into allegations of off ences including unlawful data extraction and complicity in the possession of child pornography.
In response to the announcement, X owner Elon Musk labelled Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez as a "tyrant and traitor to the people of Spain". TikTok, Snapchat, YouTube, Reddit, Discord and Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram have all been approached for comment. France has led the charge in Europe, with President Emmanuel Macron saying he wants a ban for under-15s in place by the start of the next school year in September.
WERTHEIMER, T. Spain announces plans to ban social media for under-16s, February 4th, 2026.
Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y2nddvmryo
Identify the nominal group in the sentence below, extracted from the Text:
"Social media companies have argued that the bans would be ineffective, difficult to implement and could isolate vulnerable teenagers."
Read the following text and answer question.
Spain announces plans to ban social media for under -16s
Spain has become the latest European country to make plans to ban social media for children under the age of 16. The ban, which still needs parliamentary approval, is part of a raft of changes that include making company executives responsible for "illegal or harmful content" on their platforms.
Australia became the world's first country to bring in a ban last year, with others watching - and judging - its success. France, Denmark and Austria have also announced that they are considering their own national age limits.
The UK government has launched a consultation on whether to implement a ban for under-16s. Social media companies have argued that the bans would be ineffective, difficult to implement and could isolate vulnerable teenagers. Reddit is challenging Australia's ban in the High Court.
The new laws would also criminalise manipulating algorithms to amplify illegal content. The European Commission has launched an investigation into Grok [X's AI tool] over concerns it was used to create sexualised images of real people. The UK has announced its own investigation into Grok and on Tuesday in France, the offices of X were raided by the Paris prosecutor's cyber-crime unit as it looked into allegations of off ences including unlawful data extraction and complicity in the possession of child pornography.
In response to the announcement, X owner Elon Musk labelled Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez as a "tyrant and traitor to the people of Spain". TikTok, Snapchat, YouTube, Reddit, Discord and Meta, which owns Facebook and Instagram have all been approached for comment. France has led the charge in Europe, with President Emmanuel Macron saying he wants a ban for under-15s in place by the start of the next school year in September.
WERTHEIMER, T. Spain announces plans to ban social media for under-16s, February 4th, 2026.
Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c5y2nddvmryo
Text for question
EVANS, G.; EVANS, K. Luann. Go Comics, May 10th, 2009. Available at: https://www.gocomics.com/luann/2009/05/10
Read the following passage from Passing, by Nella Larsen, and answer the question.
Stepping out of the elevator that had brought her to the roof, she was led to a table just in front of a long window whose gently moving curtains suggested a cool breeze. It was, she thought, like being wafted upward on a magic carpet to another world, pleasant, quiet, and strangely remote from the sizzling one that she had left below.
LARSEN, Nella. Passing. In: The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen – Passing, Quicksand and The Stories. New York: Anchor Books, 2001, p. 164.
Read the following passage from Passing, by Nella Larsen, and answer the question.
Stepping out of the elevator that had brought her to the roof, she was led to a table just in front of a long window whose gently moving curtains suggested a cool breeze. It was, she thought, like being wafted upward on a magic carpet to another world, pleasant, quiet, and strangely remote from the sizzling one that she had left below.
LARSEN, Nella. Passing. In: The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen – Passing, Quicksand and The Stories. New York: Anchor Books, 2001, p. 164.
Read the following passage from Passing, by Nella Larsen, and answer the question.
Stepping out of the elevator that had brought her to the roof, she was led to a table just in front of a long window whose gently moving curtains suggested a cool breeze. It was, she thought, like being wafted upward on a magic carpet to another world, pleasant, quiet, and strangely remote from the sizzling one that she had left below.
LARSEN, Nella. Passing. In: The Complete Fiction of Nella Larsen – Passing, Quicksand and The Stories. New York: Anchor Books, 2001, p. 164.
The word that does NOT complete the sentence in the following text is:
Information and communication technology (ICT) has completely changed many facets of modern life, including education. The way learners study and teachers instruct has changed significantly as a result of the incorporation of ICT into the sphere of education. Language acquisition, especially when it comes to learning the English language, is one of the areas where ICT has had a _____________ impact. The environment for developing the English language has changed as a result of information and communication technology. It has improved inclusion, made education more accessible, and offered possibilities for immersion language practice. To effectively utilize the potential of ICT in English language progress, it is crucial to overcome issues like digital distractions and the digital divide. Technology's role in language learning is likely to change as it advances, providing increasingly more creative and efficient ways to improve English language ability.
PARVEEN, S.; FARID, M. F.; FATIMA, S. H. Impact of Information and Communication Technology Usage on Learning English Language. In: Global Social Sciences Review (GSSR) Vol. VIII, No. I (Winter 2023) Pages: 608 – 615.
Available at: https://www.humapub.com/admin/alljournals/ gssr/papers/UiXy3VThdF.pdf
Linguistic Analysis Support
"The crystallization of the liquid occurred rapidly."
"The results might indicate a potential failure."
"The data were collected over a six-month period."
Column I
1- Strategic Nominalization
2 - Epistemic Modality (Hedging)
3 - Passive Voice with Agent Omission
Column II
( ) Requires the reader to infer the author’s degree of caution and avoid interpreting hypotheses as absolute facts.
( ) Requires the reader to infer the objectivity of the report by focusing on the scientific process rather than the individual researcher.
( ) Requires the reader to infer complex relationships between processes that have been condensed into abstract noun phrases.
HUTCHINSON, T.; WATERS, A. English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Choose the alternative below that presents the correct sequence from top to bottom:
Analyze the following verbal structure extracted from a technical discussion:
"The anomalous results could not have been obtained without the integration of high-precision sensors."
From a pedagogical and linguistic perspective, the complexity of this verbal group is justified because it allows the author to:
I. The head of the phrase is "guidelines", which receives multiple levels of pre-modification, creating a high information density typical of Technical English (ESP).
II. The word "safety" functions as a noun adjunct, but it specifically modifies the compound unit "protocol guidelines", rather than just the word "protocol".
III. The adverbial-adjectival block "recently updated" establishes a temporal boundary that restricts the entire subsequent nominal chain.
Based on the principles of Nominal Groups, choose the correct option:
GRELLET, F. Developing Reading Skills: A practical guide to reading comprehension exercises. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981.
DUDLEY-EVANS, T.; ST JOHN, M. J. Developments in English for Specific Purposes: A multi-disciplinary approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998.
HUTCHINSON, T.; WATERS, A. English for Specific Purposes: A learning-centred approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Column I
(1) Language-centered approach.
(2) Skills centered approach
(3) Learning-centered approach.
Column II
( ) Focuses on the learner's cognitive processes and mental paths to acquire knowledge.
( ) Focuses on the underlying thinking processes and strategies required for professional tasks.
( ) Focuses primarily on the linguistic features and lexical items of the target situation.
Choose the alternative below that presents the correct sequence from top to bottom:
Conheça nossos planos