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Read text III and answer questions 60 to 70:
Text III
The use of music and songs in the EFL classroom
There are quite a lot of positive sides of learning English via
the medium music. First of all it is a very positive way of
learning English. Music is a part of our everyday life and
especially young people are very familiar with music. If the
5 teacher provides the possibility of a positive access to a new
topic, the kids will learn the new things easier and with more
fun and readiness. I am sure that the one or the other pupil
turns out to be a little “music-expert”. This can strengthen the
self-consciousness of students who are not so good at other
10 areas because now they have the opportunity to show what
they know about a special artist or band. Another pro of
teaching language by using songs and music is that it is
something different for the students – it is an alternation to
the common methods of language learning, because it is not
15 only interested in input. Learning with music speaks more than
other language-learning-methods to the audio-channel of the
learner, which has the positive effect of training listening and
comprehending language which is modified in terms of
intonation, pronunciation and articulation. Music in the
20 classroom can also be arranged in corporation with teachers of
other subjects, so that kids have the opportunity to use and
practise the new knowledge in more than one subject.
Teachers of English could not only work together with teachers
of music, but also with teachers of German, religion, ethics and
25 history. There is a variety of different thematic blocks which
can be taught with the help of songs, for example cultural or
social studies, to name only two areas.
However, using music and songs as a method of language
teaching can also have negative effects. Not every student likes
30 singing, acting or working with music and songs. Some find it
embarrassing and childish, especially older students. If the
majority of a class consists of students who feel like that about
working with music and songs in the classroom, the teacher
should be aware of the problem that it will be hard to motivate
35 the pupils. It can also be that some pupils protest and even
refuse to do several activities given by the teacher. […] Another
problem for teachers is the question of the right choice of
songs. Nowadays the kids are crazy about music which is called
“Death Metal”, “Hip Hop” or “Acid House”. So, many teachers
40 think that it is hard to fill the pupils of today with enthusiasm
by using Oldies.
Despite the fact that there are more positive effects of
learning a second language with songs and music than negative
ones, most teachers look at this method with mixed emotions.
45 Some are of the opinion that this is no real teaching and a
waste of time with some senseless activities. This is not true, of
course. Out of my own pupil-experience I can say that I have
learned quite a lot with the help of songs. I have acquired not
only a plenty of new words and vocabulary, but also several
50 idioms and many ways to express feelings.
(From http://www.grin.com/en/e-book/122444/the-use-of-music-and-songs-in-theefl-classroom)
The underlined word in “learning English via the medium music” can be replaced by
The Role of Museums in Education
Museums provide knowledge and inspiration, while also connecting communities. At a time of economic recovery, and in the run-up to the Olympics, they are more important than ever. Museums and galleries deliver world-class public services which offer individuals and families free and inspiring places to visit and things to do. Museums attract audiences from home and abroad. Museums provide the places and resources to which people turn for information and learning. They care for the legacy of the past while creating a legacy for the future.
Museums are uniquely egalitarian spaces. Whether you are rich, poor, or uniquely-abled, the museum door is always an open welcome. A sense of history and beauty, gifts from our cultural heritage, inspires the ordinary soul into extraordinary possibilities. They bind communities together, giving them heart, hope and resilience. They make a vital contribution to international relations and play a unique role in fostering international cultural exchange. If life was just about earning to eat, we'd be depleted and tired. Museums bring to life the opportunity to experience meaning beyond the mundane. Museums make the soul sing!
The most visible and expected offerings of a museum are its exhibitions. Exhibitions tell stories through objects. In a world where virtual experiences are ever increasing, museums provide tangible encounters with real objects.
What does looking at a crystal clear specimen of beryl, a vertebrate fossil emerging from its plaster jacket, or the flag that flew over Inge Lehman's seismological observatory provide in an educational sense? Some professionals maintain that the visceral reaction of wonder, awe or curiosity – the affective response of the viewer – is the enduring legacy of a museum visit. It opens the door to the visitor's mind, engaging them in a discipline that perhaps failed to interest them through other means, and might inspire them to learn more. Furthermore, the social context of a museum visit, where exploration occurs in a friendly atmosphere without the pressure of tests and grades, helps keep that door open.
Curators and educators also aspire to engage the rational mind of the viewer. A mineral collected in the field and displayed in the museum is out of its original context, but thoughtful juxtaposition of the mineral with other objects helps the visitor make new connections. Exhibit labels or a knowledgeable docent leading a tour not only inform directly, but also guide visitors in making their own observations of the object. Hands-on displays combined with objects can provide forceful connections – an “aha!” experience for the visitor.Alan J. Friedman, the former director of the New York Hall of Science, recounts a watershed experience during a 1970 museum visit in which a model telescope that the could touch and adjust brought to life the meaning of the antique telescope.
Museums are the world's great learning resource – they introduce new subjects, bring them alive and give them meaning. Learning in museums improves confidence and attainment: it also opens us to the views of our fellow citizens. Museum collections and the knowledge of museum professionals inspire learning. As the world around us changes, museums and galleries promote awareness of the critical questions of place, humanity, science and innovation.
Adaptado dos sites: http://tle.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/reprint/26/10/1322.pdf e http://www.nationalmuseums.org.uk/media/documents/what_we_do_documents/museums_deliver_full.pdf, pp. 3-4
The double conjunction 'whether ... or' (paragraph 2) in this context is equivalent to:
Which of the sentences below indicates the correct use of articles?
Which of the following sentences contains a grammatical error?
I - There’s __ great restaurant nearby. II - ___ next part will be next month, time and venue TBA. III - Is there anybody here?