Richards & Rodgers outline method histories: Grammar-Translation privileges metalinguistic analysis; Direct emphasizes target-language use; Audiolingual leverages drills and habit formation. Contemporary approaches include Communicative Language Teaching, the Lexical Approach (cf. Lewis) privileging chunks, and Task-Based Language Teaching (cf. Long, Willis) organizing instruction around tasks with real outcomes. Choose the correct option.

Diagnostic assessment informs instructional planning, formative assessment regulates learning through actionable feedback, and summative assessment certifies achievement under explicit criteria. High-stakes exams (TOEFL/IELTS) evaluate proficiency domains, while classroom assessment requires alignment between objectives, evidence, and evaluative descriptors for valid judgments. Select the correct statement.

Your school aligns its English syllabus with the BNCC competencies (critical thinking, communication, collaboration, digital culture). Teachers report tension between textbook sequencing and local projects. Best course of action.