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Jobs and Professions

    As has been the case for many years, jobs, or forms of employment wherein employees perform a service or duty in exchange for financial compensation, play a prominent role in society. Furthermore, all jobs — even those of seemingly little significance — are important, as they simply wouldn't exist if their specific responsibilities weren't of value to employers (companies or persons that pay others for their work), customers (individuals who pay money for a product or service), and the economy generally.

    Teachers, or educational professionals tasked with helping students understand certain subjects and topics, are especially crucial today. In short, teachers help their students to become qualified for their future careers.

    Doctors, or medical professionals who specialize in providing health-related assistance to patients, are some of the most respected individuals in America and the world. It's the responsibility of doctors to help those who feel less-than-stellar to determine the underlying health issue(s) and recommend an effective treatment (or remedy to a disease, disorder, or condition).

    There are quite a few types of specialty doctors in America (besides MD, which simply means "medical doctor"), all of whom can be referred to simply as "Doctor (Name)." Dentists (mouth/ teeth doctors), dermatologists (skin doctors), and psychiatrists (mental-health doctors) are just a few examples of the many different types of doctors.

    Additionally, nurses are medical professionals who help to administer doctor-ordered treatments to patients.

    Police officers are law enforcement professionals whose job it is to protect citizens, solve crimes, and assure that rules and regulations are followed. Similarly, firefighters serve the public by responding to fires (and other emergency situations) and using high-tech equipment to extinguish these fires, while bringing any individuals who're in danger to safety.

    Farmers maintain fields of crops (or vegetable/fruit plants) and/ or collections of animals with the intention of selling these products as food.

    Chefs/cooks prepare meals in professional settings, including restaurants, cafeterias, and other venues wherein food and drink are sold, for customers. Chefs are generally experienced in cooking and managing kitchens.

    Waiters bring menus, beverages, meals, and ultimately, the check (or a bill of the foods and drinks purchased in a transaction) to tables in restaurants and other establishments that serve food.

    Artists produce art, or works of creative significance, including music, paintings, drawings, poetry, writing, and more.

Fonte: https://pdfcoffee.com/meeting-5-basic-english-for-academic-porposes-pdffree.html. Acessado em 25/08/2025

Read the following text to answer questions

 Effective communication is central to the clinicianpatient encounter. When the patient’s needs and concerns are well understood through a biopsychosocial formulation, then a comprehensive care plan can be mutually agreed on. Communication skills training (CST) has become one vehicle to build skills that optimally advance the clinical agenda, alongside promoting professionalism and excellence of care. Good communication skills have been linked to higher patient satisfaction, greater patient adherence to treatment, better patient health outcomes, fewer physician malpractice claims, reduced patient anxiety, increased recall, and improved understanding.

Patients with cancer report unmet communication needs for information about the extent of disease, prognosis, and treatment options, intent, and adverse effects. This is consistent with earlier studies on communication in clinical encounters. When the clinician is responsive to patients’ needs, their anxiety levels have been significantly reduced.

In this article, we propose the establishment of a universal CST curriculum for fellows of all cancer specialties that builds their professionalism and sustains effective clinician-patient communication throughout their careers.

(https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3341141/. 06.08.2025. Adaptado)

Are Some Sugars ‘Less Bad’ Than Others?

        Q: I’m trying to limit sugar, but I love sweets. Are “natural” sweeteners like honey and agave syrup healthier alternatives to table sugar?

         You probably know that the sugars in fruits, vegetables and other plants are far better for you than the added sugars often found in processed foods like sodas, candy bars and many baked goods.

         But in that category of added sugars, there’s an array of sweeteners that are often seen as more “natural” or healthier than others. Honey, maple syrup and agave nectar, for instance, are commonly touted as “better for you” swaps for regular sugar, such as in many health-focused baking recipes and on social media.

        Is that right? We asked three nutrition experts to help us sort it out. 

Source: 

https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/28/well/eat/health-

effects-honey-maple-syrup-agave.html 

Read the text below and answer question

Plan to test Liberian schoolchildren for drugs blocked

October 17th, 2025

By Moses Kollie Garzeawu

Monrovia, Liberia, Africa

Liberia's Education Ministry has blocked controversial plans to introduce mandatory drug testing in all of the country's schools.

Speaking to local media, the interim head of the Liberia Drug Enforcement Agency (LDEA), Fitzgerald Biago, said school testing would help address the growing problem of drug abuse.

The announcement sparked a mixed response. Some thought it would help tackle the scourge of drugs, while others saw it as an invasion of privacy, or feared it would cost too much.

Last year, President Joseph Boakai declared drug and substance abuse a national emergency and a recent EU-backed report estimated that one in five young Liberians take drugs.

However, the Education Ministry said it was not aware of any plans to test students and added that such a decision needed to be based on concrete evidence and properly thought through.

Assistant minister in charge of students Sona Toure-Sesay told the BBC that this kind of plan required proper research. "Let's assume we are made aware of the proposed initiatives by the LDEA, it will require us to conduct research and review case studies from other countries where this has been successful," she said.  

Toure-Sesay also noted that testing could affect students. "What happens to students who test positive? What are the social services in place for them? Some of them might be bullied even after returning, and it may affect their overall educational performances."

She added that a multi-sectoral committee on drug and substance abuse had been set up, headed by the Health Ministry. Along with strengthening health clubs in schools, she said that this would help to reduce the prevalence of drugs among students.

President Boakai dismissed the leadership of the LDEA in August this year, and recently appointed Biago, a former senior police officer, as interim head of the agency.

Taken from:

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c0mxz3x1lr7o  

Texto: Challenges in Global Education Systems

    Education is a fundamental pillar of societal development, but many global education systems face significant challenges that hinder their ability to provide equal and quality learning opportunities. These challenges vary from country to country but share common themes such as inequality, lack of resources, outdated curricula, and the rapid pace of technological change.

    One of the most pressing challenges in global education systems is inequality. In many parts of the world, access to quality education is not universal, and disparities in educational opportunities persist along socioeconomic, geographic, and gender lines. In low-income countries, educational infrastructure may be underdeveloped, with inadequate classrooms, outdated textbooks, and insufficient access to digital technologies. Rural areas often face more severe challenges, with limited access to schools or well-trained teachers. Similarly, marginalized communities — such as girls in some parts of Africa or indigenous populations — face cultural and societal barriers that prevent them from accessing education. In wealthier countries, while access to education may not be an issue, disparities remain within local communities, particularly in urban areas. Students from lowerincome backgrounds may face challenges in accessing tutoring, extracurricular activities, and the technology required for modern learning. Addressing these inequities is crucial to ensuring that all students have the opportunity to succeed.

    Another significant challenge in global education systems is the outdated nature of curricula and teaching methods. In many cases, education systems are still based on models from the 19th or 20th centuries, designed to meet the needs of an industrialized economy rather than a knowledge-based, technology-driven society. Traditional curricula often emphasize rote learning and memorization rather than critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving — skills that are essential in today’s globalized world. Moreover, teaching methods may be rigid, focusing on passive learning rather than active student engagement. This makes it difficult for students to develop the skills necessary to thrive in modern workplaces, where adaptability, innovation, and collaboration are highly valued.

    In many parts of the world, education systems have been slow to adapt to the integration of digital technologies and 21st-century learning strategies. Without updating curricula to reflect the demands of the modern world, students may leave school without the skills needed to succeed in higher education or the workforce. A lack of effective teacher training is another challenge that impacts global education systems. Teachers are the heart of any educational system, and their ability to deliver quality instruction directly affects student outcomes.

    In recent years, technology has become a critical part of the education system. However, the digital divide remains a significant barrier to achieving global educational equity. While students in wealthier countries have easy access to digital tools, high-speed internet, and online resources, students in low-income or rural areas often lack access to the necessary technology. The COVID19 pandemic highlighted these disparities, as many students in underserved communities struggled with remote learning due to limited access to devices or reliable internet connections. The digital divide not only limits access to education but also prevents students from gaining essential digital skills that are crucial in today’s job market.

    The pressures of academic performance, social media, and external expectations can take a toll on students’ mental well-being. In highpressure educational systems, students may experience stress, anxiety, and burnout, which can hinder their ability to focus, learn, and succeed. Additionally, a lack of access to mental health resources or support services further exacerbates these issues. Teachers, too, face significant mental health challenges. The demands of managing large classrooms, addressing diverse learning needs, and meeting educational standards can lead to burnout and job dissatisfaction. Addressing mental health and well-being for both students and educators is essential for creating a healthy and effective learning environment.

    In conclusion, the challenges faced by global education systems are multifaceted and complex, ranging from inequality and outdated curricula to teacher training and the digital divide. These challenges impact not only the quality of education but also the future success and wellbeing of students. To overcome these issues, it is crucial for governments, educational institutions, and communities to collaborate on innovative solutions that address the root causes of these challenges. By investing in equitable access to education, updating curricula, enhancing teacher training, and integrating technology, we can create a more inclusive and effective global education system that equips students for success in an increasingly interconnected world.

Taken and adapted from:

https://portaleducoas.org/challenges-in-globaleducation-systems/