Questões de Concurso Sobre inglês

Foram encontradas 25.715 questões

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Q2281601
Inglês Adjetivos | Adjectives ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Prova: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Jurídico |
Q2281601 Inglês

     In the quest for technological advancements that can revolutionize our world, the scientific community has always been captivated by the elusive phenomenon of superconductivity. For decades, researchers have strived to unlock its full potential, seeking to discover materials that can exhibit superconducting properties at room temperature. And now, the wait might finally be over! Enter LK-99, a groundbreaking potential room-temperature superconductor that has sent shockwaves through the scientific world, spearheaded by a team of brilliant minds from Korea University, led by esteemed researchers Sukbae Lee and Ji-Hoon Kim. 


     Superconductors are materials that can conduct electricity with zero resistance, leading to unprecedented energy efficiency and technological advancements. In summary, LK-99 represents an exciting prospect as a potential room-temperature superconductor, but its superconducting properties have yet to be confirmed and independently verified.


     Room temperature superconductors could revolutionize the energy sector by enabling lossless power transmission over long distances. With reduced energy dissipation during transmission, electricity could be distributed more efficiently, lowering carbon footprints and electricity costs.


Internet: <dataconomy.com/> (adapted). 

According to the preceding text, judge the following items. 


The adjective “groundbreaking” (fourth sentence of the first paragraph) could be correctly replaced by “conventional”, without changing the meaning of the text. 

Alternativas
Q2281600
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Prova: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Jurídico |
Q2281600 Inglês

     In the quest for technological advancements that can revolutionize our world, the scientific community has always been captivated by the elusive phenomenon of superconductivity. For decades, researchers have strived to unlock its full potential, seeking to discover materials that can exhibit superconducting properties at room temperature. And now, the wait might finally be over! Enter LK-99, a groundbreaking potential room-temperature superconductor that has sent shockwaves through the scientific world, spearheaded by a team of brilliant minds from Korea University, led by esteemed researchers Sukbae Lee and Ji-Hoon Kim. 


     Superconductors are materials that can conduct electricity with zero resistance, leading to unprecedented energy efficiency and technological advancements. In summary, LK-99 represents an exciting prospect as a potential room-temperature superconductor, but its superconducting properties have yet to be confirmed and independently verified.


     Room temperature superconductors could revolutionize the energy sector by enabling lossless power transmission over long distances. With reduced energy dissipation during transmission, electricity could be distributed more efficiently, lowering carbon footprints and electricity costs.


Internet: <dataconomy.com/> (adapted). 

According to the preceding text, judge the following items. 


The article confirms that the long awaited room temperature superconductor has finally been discovered.

Alternativas
Q2281249
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281249 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on the vocabulary and linguistic aspects of text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


Graduate students are people studying for a master’s degree or doctorate.

Alternativas
Q2281248
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281248 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on the vocabulary and linguistic aspects of text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


The word “physicists” means “medical doctors”. 

Alternativas
Q2281247
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281247 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on the vocabulary and linguistic aspects of text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


The word “installment” (first sentence of the first paragraph) means, in the context of text CB1A2-I, “to make it ready to use”.

Alternativas
Q2281246
Inglês Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281246 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on the vocabulary and linguistic aspects of text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


The word “overshadowed” (first sentence of the second paragraph) means, in the context of text CB1A2-I, “made less noticeable”. 

Alternativas
Q2281245
Inglês Pronomes | Pronouns , Pronome subjetivo | Subjective pronoun ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281245 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)
Based on the vocabulary and linguistic aspects of text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.
The pronoun “they” (last sentence of the last paragraph) refers to the word “assumptions”.
Alternativas
Q2281244
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281244 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


Hartland Snyder helped Oppenheimer write his least relevant paper in physics.

Alternativas
Q2281243
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281243 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


The word “war” (first sentence of the second paragraph) refers to any war.

Alternativas
Q2281242
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281242 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


With the help of his students, Oppenheimer could easily shift from one research topic to another.

Alternativas
Q2281241
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281241 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


According to Cathryn Carson, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes was meaningless at the time it was developed.

Alternativas
Q2281240
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: CESPE / CEBRASPE Órgão: TBG Provas: CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Auditoria e Compliance | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Contábil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Comercialização | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Inspeção | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Ênfase: Desenvolvimento de Software | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Comunicação | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Elétrica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção, Mecânica | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Operações | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Analista Júnior – Ênfase: Gestão, Meio Ambiente | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro de Segurança Júnior | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Projetos e Obras, Civil | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Integridade de Dutos | CESPE / CEBRASPE - 2023 - TBG - Engenheiro Júnior – Ênfase: Manutenção |
Q2281240 Inglês
Text CB1A2-I

        Oppenheimer’s brief advance into astrophysics began with a 1938 paper about neutron stars, which continued in a 1939 installment that further incorporated the principles of Einstein’s general theory of relativity. He then published a third paper on black holes on September 1st, 1939—but at the time, it was scarcely noticed because this was the very day Germany invaded Poland, launching World War II. Oppenheimer never wrote on the topic again.
        Even if it hadn’t been overshadowed by war, Oppenheimer’s work on neutron stars and black holes “was not understood to be terribly significant at the time,” says Cathryn Carson, a historian of science at the University of California, Berkeley.
        Each paper was written with a different member of the swarm of graduate students that Oppenheimer carefully cultivated. These protégés facilitated his ability to jump between research topics—and ultimately, helped him develop some of his most important contributions to physics.
        Oppenheimer’s climactic third paper, written with his student Hartland Snyder, explores the implications of general relativity on the universe’s most massive stars. Although the physicists needed to include some assumptions to simplify the question, they determined that a large enough star would gravitationally collapse indefinitely—and within a finite amount of time, meaning that the objects we now know as black holes could exist.

Internet: <scientificamerican.com> (adapted)

Based on text CB1A2-I, judge the following item.


Oppenheimer’s paper on black holes received little attention at the time it was published.

Alternativas
Q2277957
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Contador |
Q2277957 Inglês
TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO


'A Spiraling Loopof Feedback':

Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest 


     A paper to be published in the Journal Science on January 27 has found that humans have degraded more than one-third of the remaining trees in the Amazon rainforest. This degradation could eventually lead to "a spiraling loop of feedbacks," Jos Barlow, a professor of conservation science at Lancaster University in the U.K. and co-author of the paper, told Newsweek.

    Up to 38 percent of the remaining Amazon has been affected by human actions, researchers from Brazil's University of Campinas (Unicamp), the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and Lancaster University found.  

   The degradation of this areaequivalent to 5.5 times the size of the state of Californiareleases carbon emissions equivalent to or greater than those from deforestation. 

   The Amazon contributes 16 percent of all the land-based photosynthesis in the world, and strongly regulates global carbon and water cycles, sucking in carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Additionally, despite only covering around 0.5 percent of the Earth's surface, the Amazon is home to over 10 percent of all named plant and vertebrate species on Earth.

    "Healthy rainforests provide amazing habitat for biodiversitythis is what the Amazon is most famous for," Sally Thompson, an ecohydrologist at The University of Western Australia, told Newsweek. "They usually support clean water in rivers, make it rain, and cool the surrounding area. You can hunt, harvest timber or foods sustainably from healthy and wellmanaged forests. And a healthy forest can often recover from disturbance. Degraded forests aren't as good at doing any of those things, and often they struggle to recover from disturbance."

    Deforestation involves a loss of the forest canopy and a change in land use (e.g., from forest to agriculture or urban land use), while degradation is a process affecting the remaining forests. Degradation essentially means that there is still forest in place but it is not as healthy or as good at providing benefits for the environment or for people. 



THOMSON Jess. 'A Spiraling Loopof Feedbacks': Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest. Newsweek (online), 26 jan. 2023 (adaptado).  
Leia a sentença a seguir:

"Up to 38 percent of the remaining Amazon has been affected by human actions, researchers from Brazil's University of Campinas (Unicamp), the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and Lancaster University found"

Assinale a alternativa que apresenta sentença cujo uso da expressão "up to" é semelhante ao empregado no trecho apresentado.
Alternativas
Q2277956
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Contador |
Q2277956 Inglês
TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO


'A Spiraling Loopof Feedback':

Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest 


     A paper to be published in the Journal Science on January 27 has found that humans have degraded more than one-third of the remaining trees in the Amazon rainforest. This degradation could eventually lead to "a spiraling loop of feedbacks," Jos Barlow, a professor of conservation science at Lancaster University in the U.K. and co-author of the paper, told Newsweek.

    Up to 38 percent of the remaining Amazon has been affected by human actions, researchers from Brazil's University of Campinas (Unicamp), the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and Lancaster University found.  

   The degradation of this areaequivalent to 5.5 times the size of the state of Californiareleases carbon emissions equivalent to or greater than those from deforestation. 

   The Amazon contributes 16 percent of all the land-based photosynthesis in the world, and strongly regulates global carbon and water cycles, sucking in carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Additionally, despite only covering around 0.5 percent of the Earth's surface, the Amazon is home to over 10 percent of all named plant and vertebrate species on Earth.

    "Healthy rainforests provide amazing habitat for biodiversitythis is what the Amazon is most famous for," Sally Thompson, an ecohydrologist at The University of Western Australia, told Newsweek. "They usually support clean water in rivers, make it rain, and cool the surrounding area. You can hunt, harvest timber or foods sustainably from healthy and wellmanaged forests. And a healthy forest can often recover from disturbance. Degraded forests aren't as good at doing any of those things, and often they struggle to recover from disturbance."

    Deforestation involves a loss of the forest canopy and a change in land use (e.g., from forest to agriculture or urban land use), while degradation is a process affecting the remaining forests. Degradation essentially means that there is still forest in place but it is not as healthy or as good at providing benefits for the environment or for people. 



THOMSON Jess. 'A Spiraling Loopof Feedbacks': Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest. Newsweek (online), 26 jan. 2023 (adaptado).  
De acordo com o texto, a degradação e o desmatamento são processos diferentes, pois 
Alternativas
Q2277955
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Contador |
Q2277955 Inglês
TEXTO PARA A QUESTÃO


'A Spiraling Loopof Feedback':

Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest 


     A paper to be published in the Journal Science on January 27 has found that humans have degraded more than one-third of the remaining trees in the Amazon rainforest. This degradation could eventually lead to "a spiraling loop of feedbacks," Jos Barlow, a professor of conservation science at Lancaster University in the U.K. and co-author of the paper, told Newsweek.

    Up to 38 percent of the remaining Amazon has been affected by human actions, researchers from Brazil's University of Campinas (Unicamp), the Amazon Environmental Research Institute (IPAM), National Institute for Space Research (INPE), and Lancaster University found.  

   The degradation of this areaequivalent to 5.5 times the size of the state of Californiareleases carbon emissions equivalent to or greater than those from deforestation. 

   The Amazon contributes 16 percent of all the land-based photosynthesis in the world, and strongly regulates global carbon and water cycles, sucking in carbon dioxide and producing oxygen. Additionally, despite only covering around 0.5 percent of the Earth's surface, the Amazon is home to over 10 percent of all named plant and vertebrate species on Earth.

    "Healthy rainforests provide amazing habitat for biodiversitythis is what the Amazon is most famous for," Sally Thompson, an ecohydrologist at The University of Western Australia, told Newsweek. "They usually support clean water in rivers, make it rain, and cool the surrounding area. You can hunt, harvest timber or foods sustainably from healthy and wellmanaged forests. And a healthy forest can often recover from disturbance. Degraded forests aren't as good at doing any of those things, and often they struggle to recover from disturbance."

    Deforestation involves a loss of the forest canopy and a change in land use (e.g., from forest to agriculture or urban land use), while degradation is a process affecting the remaining forests. Degradation essentially means that there is still forest in place but it is not as healthy or as good at providing benefits for the environment or for people. 



THOMSON Jess. 'A Spiraling Loopof Feedbacks': Worst-Case Scenario for Amazon Rainforest. Newsweek (online), 26 jan. 2023 (adaptado).  
De acordo com o texto, a degradação da Floresta Amazônica tem como decorrência
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Q2277908
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Ciência de Dados) |
Q2277908 Inglês
Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing


    Computer scientists have been trying to make an effective quantum computer for more than 20 years. Firms such as Google, IBM and Microsoft have developed simple machines. But, according to Prof. Winfried Hensinger, who led the research at Sussex University, the new development paves the way for systems that can solve complex real world problems that the best computers we have today are incapable of.

    "Right now we have quantum computers with very simple microchips,"he said. "What we have achieved here is the ability to realise extremely powerful quantum computers capable of solving some of the most important problems for industries and society."

    Currently, computers solve problems in a simple linear way, one calculation at a time. In the quantum realm, particles can be in two places at the same time and researchers want to harness this property to develop computers that can do multiple calculations all at the same time.

    Quantum particles can also be millions of miles apart and be strangely connected, mirroring each other's actions instantaneously. Again, that could also be used to develop much more powerful computers.

    One stumbling block has been the need to transfer quantum information between chips quickly and reliably: the information degrades, and errors are introduced.

    But Prof. Hensinger's team has made a breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Communications, which may have overcome that obstacle.

     The team developed a system able to transport information from one chip to another with a reliability of 99.999993% at record speeds. That, say the researchers, shows that in principle chips could be slotted together to make a more powerful quantum computer.


GHOSH, Pallab. Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing. BBС News (online). 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)..
Segundo o texto, a equipe do Prof. Hensinger desenvolveu um grande avanço nas pesquisas, pois possibilitou
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Q2277907
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Ciência de Dados) |
Q2277907 Inglês
Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing


    Computer scientists have been trying to make an effective quantum computer for more than 20 years. Firms such as Google, IBM and Microsoft have developed simple machines. But, according to Prof. Winfried Hensinger, who led the research at Sussex University, the new development paves the way for systems that can solve complex real world problems that the best computers we have today are incapable of.

    "Right now we have quantum computers with very simple microchips,"he said. "What we have achieved here is the ability to realise extremely powerful quantum computers capable of solving some of the most important problems for industries and society."

    Currently, computers solve problems in a simple linear way, one calculation at a time. In the quantum realm, particles can be in two places at the same time and researchers want to harness this property to develop computers that can do multiple calculations all at the same time.

    Quantum particles can also be millions of miles apart and be strangely connected, mirroring each other's actions instantaneously. Again, that could also be used to develop much more powerful computers.

    One stumbling block has been the need to transfer quantum information between chips quickly and reliably: the information degrades, and errors are introduced.

    But Prof. Hensinger's team has made a breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Communications, which may have overcome that obstacle.

     The team developed a system able to transport information from one chip to another with a reliability of 99.999993% at record speeds. That, say the researchers, shows that in principle chips could be slotted together to make a more powerful quantum computer.


GHOSH, Pallab. Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing. BBС News (online). 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)..
De acordo com o texto, a vantagem dos computadores quânticos é
Alternativas
Q2277906
Inglês Verbos | Verbs ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Ciência de Dados) |
Q2277906 Inglês
Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing


    Computer scientists have been trying to make an effective quantum computer for more than 20 years. Firms such as Google, IBM and Microsoft have developed simple machines. But, according to Prof. Winfried Hensinger, who led the research at Sussex University, the new development paves the way for systems that can solve complex real world problems that the best computers we have today are incapable of.

    "Right now we have quantum computers with very simple microchips,"he said. "What we have achieved here is the ability to realise extremely powerful quantum computers capable of solving some of the most important problems for industries and society."

    Currently, computers solve problems in a simple linear way, one calculation at a time. In the quantum realm, particles can be in two places at the same time and researchers want to harness this property to develop computers that can do multiple calculations all at the same time.

    Quantum particles can also be millions of miles apart and be strangely connected, mirroring each other's actions instantaneously. Again, that could also be used to develop much more powerful computers.

    One stumbling block has been the need to transfer quantum information between chips quickly and reliably: the information degrades, and errors are introduced.

    But Prof. Hensinger's team has made a breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Communications, which may have overcome that obstacle.

     The team developed a system able to transport information from one chip to another with a reliability of 99.999993% at record speeds. That, say the researchers, shows that in principle chips could be slotted together to make a more powerful quantum computer.


GHOSH, Pallab. Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing. BBС News (online). 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)..
O verbo modal "could" (quarto parágrafo) tem efeito de
Alternativas
Q2277905
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension , Tradução | Translation , Vocabulário | Vocabulary ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Ciência de Dados) |
Q2277905 Inglês
Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing


    Computer scientists have been trying to make an effective quantum computer for more than 20 years. Firms such as Google, IBM and Microsoft have developed simple machines. But, according to Prof. Winfried Hensinger, who led the research at Sussex University, the new development paves the way for systems that can solve complex real world problems that the best computers we have today are incapable of.

    "Right now we have quantum computers with very simple microchips,"he said. "What we have achieved here is the ability to realise extremely powerful quantum computers capable of solving some of the most important problems for industries and society."

    Currently, computers solve problems in a simple linear way, one calculation at a time. In the quantum realm, particles can be in two places at the same time and researchers want to harness this property to develop computers that can do multiple calculations all at the same time.

    Quantum particles can also be millions of miles apart and be strangely connected, mirroring each other's actions instantaneously. Again, that could also be used to develop much more powerful computers.

    One stumbling block has been the need to transfer quantum information between chips quickly and reliably: the information degrades, and errors are introduced.

    But Prof. Hensinger's team has made a breakthrough, published in the journal Nature Communications, which may have overcome that obstacle.

     The team developed a system able to transport information from one chip to another with a reliability of 99.999993% at record speeds. That, say the researchers, shows that in principle chips could be slotted together to make a more powerful quantum computer.


GHOSH, Pallab. Quantum breakthrough could revolutionise computing. BBС News (online). 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado)..
A expressão idiomática "paves the way" (primeiro parágrafo) pode ser traduzida como
Alternativas
Q2277904
Inglês Interpretação de texto | Reading comprehension ,
Ano: 2023 Banca: FUVEST Órgão: USP Prova: FUVEST - 2023 - USP - Analista de Sistemas (Especialidade: Ciência de Dados) |
Q2277904 Inglês
Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish investors exploit a degradable common resource


    Game theory deals with situations in which a number of agents compete with each other, with each participant trying to maximize his or her own profit individually. One speaks of a "Nash equilibrium" if players cannot increase their returns further. The "Tragedy of the Commons" is a game theoretical scenario in which the actors do not compete directly, but indirectly: If someone takes a piece of a common pie, there will be less for everybody else.

    Instead of investigating how to avoid the "Tragedy of the Commons," Claudius Gros from Goethe University's Institute for Theoretical Physics examined the resulting Nash equilibrium, with unexpected results: If a common good is divided more or less equally among N interested parties, then each receives a share of the order 1/N. However, the respective investment costs still need to be deducted.

    Gros' calculations show that, in equilibrium, the actors increase their engagement until the resulting investment costs almost reach the value of the resources the individual investor can secure for her- or himself. Mathematically, the theoretical physicist was able to show that the final profit of the individual investor scales as 1/N².

    The original expectation, that investors each receive a proportional share from the resource, remains correct, as Gros' research shows. However, this does not translate into an overall return of the same proportion, which is smaller by a power in the number of investors. Gros denotes the dramatic deterioration of the net profit as "catastrophic poverty," as it implies that unregulated competition drives the individual actor close to the profitability limit, viz to the subsistence level. 

    Similarly, Gros was able to show that catastrophic poverty can be avoided when the actors cooperate with each other. Cooperation leads to a net profit corresponding to the number of investors in simple power, the classical result. 

    The result of the investigations is therefore that the "Tragedy of the Commons" can cause substantially more damage than previously assumed. Uncontrolled access not only leads to a potentially excessive exploitation of the resource, a topic that has been the focus of many previous studies. In addition, investors suffer themselves when only maximizing their own profits.


GROS, Claudius. Generic catastrophic poverty when selfish investors exploit a degradable common resource. Royal Society Open Science (online), 08 Fev. 2023 (adaptado) 
Segundo o estudo, a "Tragédia dos Comuns" pode trazer mais prejuízos do que aqueles considerados inicialmente e pode levar aos seguintes efeitos:
Alternativas
Respostas
11061: E
11062: E
11063: C
11064: E
11065: E
11066: C
11067: E
11068: E
11069: E
11070: C
11071: E
11072: C
11073: B
11074: E
11075: D
11076: A
11077: D
11078: B
11079: E
11080: A
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