Choose the correct verb form that completes the sentence below.          If the teenagers ________________ (not , drink) so much beer last night, they wouldn't have had an accident.

Thinking the unthinkable
Today, it seems that no one is uninformed about the environment. Every day the media shows us more evidence of climate change: extreme weather, melting ice-caps, and rising seas. Most of us believe we can do something to prevent global disaster, such as recycling, or conserving energy. It’s strange to recall that, before the 1960s, few people knew of the damagewe were doing to the planet. However, one scientist had already realized the dangers ahead. And today, this same man believes it may be too late to save the world. In the 1960s, Professor James Lovelock came up with one of the most famous theories on the environment – the GAIA hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the earth’s atmosphere, soil, and oceans work in concert to provide an inhabitable environment for humans. If we disrupt these elements too severely, the earth may one day become uninhabitable. In the decade before he developed the Gaia hypothesis, Lovelock had created a device to detect atmospheric chemicals. With this device, he discovered particular chemicals, called CFCs. Later, other scientists discovered that these CFCs had damaged the earth’s ozone layer. Before then, we hadn’t knows about the hole in the ozone layer. By 1979, Lovelock had put forward his theories on the environment, in his first book. At that time, few people believe him. Before scientists such as Lovelock publicized environmental issues, the environment hadn’t been a very fashionable topic. In 2004, after many people had only just started to accept the reality of global warming, Lovelock became convinced that climate change was irreversible. In 2006, he wrote another book describing his latest ideas. In 40 years, Lovelock believes large parts of the world will be desert. We will need to make synthesized food to feed the world’s population. ‘Is Lovelock right this time too? Surely we can prevent this nightmare, if we all recycle, use renewable energy, and travel less by plane and car? Lovelock disagrees. According to him, it is now impossible to reverse global warming. We did not act quickly enough when we had the chance. Renewable energy and recycling are a case of too little, too late. Ultimately, if the human race is to survive, Lovelock believes we need to use more technology, not less. In his view, only nuclear energy can provide sufficient power for the planet. Now over 90 years old, Lovelock may not live to find out if he is right. But we will...
Choose the alternative which presents the correct definitions. They are underlined in the text.

Thinking the unthinkable

Today, it seems that no one is uninformed about the environment. Every day the media shows us more evidence of climate change: extreme weather, melting ice-caps, and rising seas. Most of us believe we can do something to prevent global disaster, such as recycling, or conserving energy. It’s strange to recall that, before the 1960s, few people knew of the damagewe were doing to the planet. However, one scientist had already realized the dangers ahead. And today, this same man believes it may be too late to save the world. In the 1960s, Professor James Lovelock came up with one of the most famous theories on the environment – the GAIA hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the earth’s atmosphere, soil, and oceans work in concert to provide an inhabitable environment for humans. If we disrupt these elements too severely, the earth may one day become uninhabitable. In the decade before he developed the Gaia hypothesis, Lovelock had created a device to detect atmospheric chemicals. With this device, he discovered particular chemicals, called CFCs. Later, other scientists discovered that these CFCs had damaged the earth’s ozone layer. Before then, we hadn’t knows about the hole in the ozone layer. By 1979, Lovelock had put forward his theories on the environment, in his first book. At that time, few people believe him. Before scientists such as Lovelock publicized environmental issues, the environment hadn’t been a very fashionable topic. In 2004, after many people had only just started to accept the reality of global warming, Lovelock became convinced that climate change was irreversible. In 2006, he wrote another book describing his latest ideas. In 40 years, Lovelock believes large parts of the world will be desert. We will need to make synthesized food to feed the world’s population. ‘Is Lovelock right this time too? Surely we can prevent this nightmare, if we all recycle, use renewable energy, and travel less by plane and car? Lovelock disagrees. According to him, it is now impossible to reverse global warming. We did not act quickly enough when we had the chance. Renewable energy and recycling are a case of too little, too late. Ultimately, if the human race is to survive, Lovelock believes we need to use more technology, not less. In his view, only nuclear energy can provide sufficient power for the planet. Now over 90 years old, Lovelock may not live to find out if he is right. But we will...

About Professor James Lovelock, it is correct to state that:

Why Some State Immigration Laws are Welcoming but Others are Downright Hostile 1. Immigration policy reform has become a topic of almost daily national debate. Businesses, consumers, employers, labor unions, law enforcement offi cers, higher education offi cials, and not to mention immigrants themselves, all have something at stake in immigration policy reform. All of the recent discussion of immigration policy at the national level makes it easy to forget that signifi cant changes have already been made in immigration policy at the state level, many of which will likely affect the policy discourse and the nature of any policy changes at the national level. As the nation considers how to move forward with immigration policy reform, we should fi rst understand how we got to this point. What has shaped immigration policy changes at the state level in the last decade? 2. Using an analysis of all 50 states, James Monogan, a political scientist at the University of Georgia, fi nds that immigration policy is affected most by legislative professionalism, electoral ideology, state wealth, and change in the foreignborn population. Specifi cally, the more professional a legislature is, the more likely they are to enact welcoming laws toward immigrants, which Monogan suggests is likely because career politicians in these legislatures are more concerned with their future electoral prospects than those in less professional legislatures. In other words, state legislators are mindful of how opponents could garner votes in the next election and they consider this when voting on immigration policy. Not surprisingly, states with a more liberal electorate are more likely to take a welcoming stance on immigration policy, suggesting that policy makers are somewhat responsive to public opinion. Economics and demographics also play a role, as states with a higher per capita gross state product tend to pass more welcoming laws towards immigrants while states experiencing an increase in the foreign-born population tend to pass policies that are more hostile towards immigrants. 3. These results are quite interesting as they suggest that immigration policy is a function of the professional nature of a state’s legislature, public opinion in the state, overall state economic conditions, and state demographics. Monogan’s results offer a clear picture of how states have chosen to make changes to immigration policy over the last decade in the face of federal inaction. (Source: Jennifer Connolly, in Journal of Public Policy, May 20th, 2013, adapted
 Regarding the language underlined in the text, it can be said that 

Thinking the unthinkable
Today, it seems that no one is uninformed about the environment. Every day the media shows us more evidence of climate change: extreme weather, melting ice-caps, and rising seas. Most of us believe we can do something to prevent global disaster, such as recycling, or conserving energy. It’s strange to recall that, before the 1960s, few people knew of the damagewe were doing to the planet. However, one scientist had already realized the dangers ahead. And today, this same man believes it may be too late to save the world. In the 1960s, Professor James Lovelock came up with one of the most famous theories on the environment – the GAIA hypothesis. According to this hypothesis, the earth’s atmosphere, soil, and oceans work in concert to provide an inhabitable environment for humans. If we disrupt these elements too severely, the earth may one day become uninhabitable. In the decade before he developed the Gaia hypothesis, Lovelock had created a device to detect atmospheric chemicals. With this device, he discovered particular chemicals, called CFCs. Later, other scientists discovered that these CFCs had damaged the earth’s ozone layer. Before then, we hadn’t knows about the hole in the ozone layer. By 1979, Lovelock had put forward his theories on the environment, in his first book. At that time, few people believe him. Before scientists such as Lovelock publicized environmental issues, the environment hadn’t been a very fashionable topic. In 2004, after many people had only just started to accept the reality of global warming, Lovelock became convinced that climate change was irreversible. In 2006, he wrote another book describing his latest ideas. In 40 years, Lovelock believes large parts of the world will be desert. We will need to make synthesized food to feed the world’s population. ‘Is Lovelock right this time too? Surely we can prevent this nightmare, if we all recycle, use renewable energy, and travel less by plane and car? Lovelock disagrees. According to him, it is now impossible to reverse global warming. We did not act quickly enough when we had the chance. Renewable energy and recycling are a case of too little, too late. Ultimately, if the human race is to survive, Lovelock believes we need to use more technology, not less. In his view, only nuclear energy can provide sufficient power for the planet. Now over 90 years old, Lovelock may not live to find out if he is right. But we will...


Choose the correct alternative according to the text.
Professor James Lovelock thinks...

The words: However and ultimately, are being used in the text as:

Why Bilinguals Are Smarter (By YUDHIJIT BHATTACHARJEE) 1. SPEAKING two languages rather than just one has obvious practical benefits in an increasingly globalized world. But in recent years, scientists have begun to show that the advantages of bilingualism are even more fundamental than being able to converse with a wider range of people. Being bilingual, it turns out, makes you smarter. It can have a profound effect on your brain, improving cognitive skills not related to language and even shielding against dementia in old age. 
2. This view of bilingualism is remarkably different from the understanding of bilingualism through much of the 20th century. Researchers, educators and policy makers long considered a second language to be an interference, cognitively speaking, that hindered a child’s academic and intellectual development. 
3. They were not wrong about the interference: there is ample evidence that in a bilingual’s brain both language systems are active even when he is using only one language, thus creating situations in which one system obstructs the other. But this interference, researchers are finding out, isn’t so much a handicap as a blessing in disguise. It forces the brain to resolve internal conflict, giving the mind a workout that strengthens its cognitive muscles. (…) 
4. The collective evidence from a number of such studies suggests that the bilingual experience improves the brain’s so-called executive function — a command system that directs the attention processes that we use for planning, solving problems and performing various other mentally demanding tasks. These processes include ignoring distractions to stay focused, switching attention willfully from one thing to another and holding information in mind — like remembering a sequence of directions while driving. (…) 
5. The key difference between bilinguals and monolinguals may be more basic: a heightened ability to monitor the environment. “Bilinguals have to switch languages quite often — you may talk to your father in one language and to your mother in another language,” says Albert Costa, a researcher at the University of Pompeu Fabra in Spain. “It requires keeping track of changes around you in the same way that we monitor our surroundings when driving.” In a study comparing German-Italian bilinguals with Italian monolinguals on monitoring tasks, Mr. Costa and his colleagues found that the bilingual subjects not only performed better, but they also did so with less activity in parts of the brain involved in monitoring, indicating that they were more efficient at it. (…) 
6. Bilingualism’s effects also extend into the twilight years. In a recent study of 44 elderly Spanish-English bilinguals, scientists led by the neuropsychologist Tamar Gollan of the University of California, San Diego, found that individuals with a higher degree of bilingualism — measured through a comparative evaluation of proficiency in each language — were more resistant than others to the onset of dementia and other symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease: the higher the degree of bilingualism, the later the age of onset. 
7. Nobody ever doubted the power of language. But who would have imagined that the words we hear and the sentences we speak might be leaving such a deep imprint? 
(Source: http://www.nytimes.com/2012/03/18/opinion/sunday/thebenefits-of-bilingualism.html?_r=0. Acesso: 04/02/2013)
The words globalized (paragraph 01), considered (paragraph 02), blessing (paragraph 03), and like (paragraph 04), are respectively presented in text as:

The strategy used for Reading Comprehension, that is a strategy in which readers use information from a text (including titles, headings, pictures, and diagrams) and their own personal experiences to anticipate what they are about to read (or what comes next), is called: 

A look back across nearly a century of language teaching reveals a cyclical history. The “changing winds and shifting sands” of language teaching methods manifest a new paradigm every quarter of a century or so, with each new paradigm a break from the old but taking with it positive aspects of previous paradigms. These changing methodologies are very much theories in practice. Methods, however, are difficult to define. They manifest themselves in such varieties at times that the term approach may be more accurately descriptive of these general moods. An approach is a general and theoretical view of how language ought to be taught, while a method includes a developed procedure for teaching. The Audiolingual Method, for example, would be better termed an approach because there is such variation within the so-called method and because it is derived from a specific set of theoretical assumptions. We nevertheless refer often to a number of “methods”–since that is the traditional nomenclature–keeping in mind the fuzzy line of distinction between method and approach.
(Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, by Douglas Brown. Adapted)
The author defends the idea that

A look back across nearly a century of language teaching reveals a cyclical history. The “changing winds and shifting sands” of language teaching methods manifest a new paradigm every quarter of a century or so, with each new paradigm a break from the old but taking with it positive aspects of previous paradigms. These changing methodologies are very much theories in practice. Methods, however, are difficult to define. They manifest themselves in such varieties at times that the term approach may be more accurately descriptive of these general moods. An approach is a general and theoretical view of how language ought to be taught, while a method includes a developed procedure for teaching. The Audiolingual Method, for example, would be better termed an approach because there is such variation within the so-called method and because it is derived from a specific set of theoretical assumptions. We nevertheless refer often to a number of “methods”–since that is the traditional nomenclature–keeping in mind the fuzzy line of distinction between method and approach.
(Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, by Douglas Brown. Adapted)
As regards textual organization, the sentence – The Audiolingual Method, for example, would be better termed an approach because there is such variation within the socalled method and because it is derived from a specific set of theoretical assumptions. – is used to ____________ the idea expressed in the previous one.

During the 1980s an alternative model of reading was proposed that puts together the two views, bottom-up and top-down. The result is called an “interactive” model of the process of reading. It stresses the interplay of all meaning-gathering activities which take place during reading. While the basic theoretical work has centered on native or first language readers, the interactive model has been adopted by many second language reading researchers as well.
Interactive theory acknowledges the role of previous knowledge and prediction, but at the same time, reaffirms the importance of rapid and accurate processing of the actual words of the text. According to the interactive model, the reading process works like this: First, clues to meaning are taken up from the page by the eye and transmitted to the brain. The brain then tries to match existing knowledge to the incoming data in order to facilitate the further processing of new information. On the basis of this previous experience, predictions are made about the content of the text, which, upon further sampling of the data, are either confirmed or revised. Essentially, then, the two processes, bottom-up and top-down, are complementary; one is not able to function properly without the other.
(Academic Reading and the ESL/EFL Teacher by Fraida Dubin and David Bycina, in Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language, Marianne Celce-Murcia, editor. Adapted.)
No que se refere ao conceito de tipologia textual, pode-se afirmar que o texto é

A look back across nearly a century of language teaching reveals a cyclical history. The “changing winds and shifting sands” of language teaching methods manifest a new paradigm every quarter of a century or so, with each new paradigm a break from the old but taking with it positive aspects of previous paradigms. These changing methodologies are very much theories in practice. Methods, however, are difficult to define. They manifest themselves in such varieties at times that the term approach may be more accurately descriptive of these general moods. An approach is a general and theoretical view of how language ought to be taught, while a method includes a developed procedure for teaching. The Audiolingual Method, for example, would be better termed an approach because there is such variation within the so-called method and because it is derived from a specific set of theoretical assumptions. We nevertheless refer often to a number of “methods”–since that is the traditional nomenclature–keeping in mind the fuzzy line of distinction between method and approach.
(Principles of Language Learning and Teaching, by Douglas Brown. Adapted)
In relation to the first two sentences of the text, one can say that

In the sentence:
“By 1979, Lovelock had put forward his theories on the environment, in his first book.”
The word “his” is used twice. In both cases it refers to:

Choose the alternative which presents the correct pair of synonyms.

Read the abstract taken from an article written by Professor Dr. Reinildes Dias and answer question.     INTEGRAÇÃO DAS TIC AO ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E O APRENDER COLABORATIVO ONLINE    ABSTRACT: My main focus is to discuss and reflect ____ the importance of the integration of information and communication technology resources with the aim of creating online learning communities to extend time and give more opportunities for interactions among participants in the target language. These online communities can be seen as collaborative networks for the joint construction of knowledge about the foreign language. Examples of both web and web 2.0 resources as well as of the application of principles related to DeskTop publishing are also provided throughout the article. Theoretical and practical aspects based on the collaborative learning approach give support to my work, also including vygostskian learning principles. 
(http://www.reinildes.com.br/incorporacaodasticsmoara2008.pdf. Acessed on March 2nd, 2013.)    Write True (T) or False (F) for the sentences below according to the same article:    (  ) In terms of language teaching, Dias recommends the association of the vygostikyan view of knowledge construction, genre pedagogy and the integration of technological resources. 
(  ) Dias affirms that the integration of technological tools to the classroom environment is enough to make teaching techniques adequate to the 21st century students’ needs. 
(  ) According to the article, students are required to comprehend authentic texts and to be able to produce similar texts of the same genre. 
(  ) Writing short paragraphs about specific themes is an example of a task based on the notion of writing as social practice. 
(  ) Writing activities should follow a circular and recursive process that involves the production of a first draft, followed by peer revision and the teacher’s feedback.    The CORRECT sequence is: 

Read the abstract taken from an article written by Professor Dr. Reinildes Dias and answer question.     INTEGRAÇÃO DAS TIC AO ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM DE LÍNGUA ESTRANGEIRA E O APRENDER COLABORATIVO ONLINE    ABSTRACT: My main focus is to discuss and reflect ____ the importance of the integration of information and communication technology resources with the aim of creating online learning communities to extend time and give more opportunities for interactions among participants in the target language. These online communities can be seen as collaborative networks for the joint construction of knowledge about the foreign language. Examples of both web and web 2.0 resources as well as of the application of principles related to DeskTop publishing are also provided throughout the article. Theoretical and practical aspects based on the collaborative learning approach give support to my work, also including vygostskian learning principles. 
(http://www.reinildes.com.br/incorporacaodasticsmoara2008.pdf. Acessed on March 2nd, 2013.)     The preposition that correctly completes the sentence: “My main focus is to discuss and reflect ____ the importance of the integration of information” is