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TEXT I
How music is the real language of political diplomacy
Forget guns and bombs, it is the power of melody that has changed the world
Marie Zawisza
Saturday 31 October 2015 10.00 GMT
Last modified on Tuesday 10 November 201513.19 GMT
An old man plays his cello at the foot of a crumbling wall. The notes of the sarabande of Bach’s Suite No 2 rise in the cold air, praising God for the “miracle” of the fall of the Berlin Wall, as Mstislav Rostropovich later put it. The photograph is seen around the world. The date is 11 November 1989, and the Russian virtuoso is marching to the beat of history.
Publicity stunt or political act? No doubt a bit of both – and proof, in any case, that music can have a political dimension. Yo-Yo Ma showed as much in September when the cellist opened the new season of the Philharmonie de Paris with the Boston Symphony Orchestra. As a “messenger of peace” for the United Nations, the Chinese American is the founder of Silk Road Project, which trains young musicians from a variety of cultures to listen to and improvise with each other and develop a common repertoire. “In this way, musicians create a dialogue and arrive at common policies,” says analyst Frédéric Ramel, a professor at the Institut d’Études Politiques in Paris. By having music take the place of speeches and peace talks, the hope is that it will succeed where diplomacy has failed.[…]
Curiously, the study of the role of music in international relations is still in its infancy. “Historians must have long seen it as something fanciful, because history has long been dominated by interpretations that stress economic, social and political factors,” says Anaïs Fléchet, a lecturer in contemporary history at the Université de Versailles-St-Quentin and co-editor of a book about music and globalisation.
“As for musicologists,” she adds, “until quite recently they were more interested in analysing musical scores than the actual context in which these were produced and how they were received.” In the 1990s came a cultural shift. Scholars were no longer interested solely in “hard power” – that is, in the balance of powers and in geopolitics – but also in “soft power”, where political issues are resolved by mutual support rather than force. […]
Gilberto Gil sings while then UN secretary general Kofi Annan plays percussion at a September 2003 concert at the UN headquarters honouring those killed by a bomb at a UN office in Baghdad a month earlier. Photograph: Zuma/Alamy
Since then, every embassy has a cultural attaché. The US engages in “audio diplomacy” by financing hip-hop festivals in the Middle East. China promotes opera in neighbouring states to project an image of harmony. Brazil has invested in culture to assert itself as a leader in Latin America, notably by establishing close collaboration between its ministries of foreign affairs and culture; musician Gilberto Gil was culture minister during Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva᾽s presidency from 2003 to 2008. He was involved in France’s Year of Brazil. As Fléchet recalls, “the free concert he gave on 13 July, 2005 at the Place de la Bastille was the pinnacle. That day, he sang La Marseillaise in the presence of presidents Lula and Jacques Chirac.” Two years earlier, in September 2003, Gil sang at the UN in honour of the victims of the 19 August bombing of the UN headquartes in Baghdad. He was delivering a message of peace, criticising the war on Iraq by the US: “There is no point in preaching security without giving a thought to respecting others,” he told his audience. Closing the concert, he invited then UN secretary general Kofi Annan on stage for a surprise appearance as a percussionist. “This highly symbolic image, which highlighted the conviction that culture can play a role in bringing people together, shows how music can become a political language,” Fléchet says.
(adapted from http://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/oct/31
/music-language-human-rights-political-diplomacy)
I. The study of the role music plays in diplomacy is now full-fledged.
II. For many years historians have considered music evidencebased practice.
III. Only a short time ago, musicologists started to move away from the sheet to the setting.
IV. Musicians may promote contexts where dialogue can be established.
Choose the correct answer:
Texto para as questões de 11 a 15.
Miss Heston is a perfect secretary. She knows everything, she copes with everything. She knows how to run an office. She never gets worried or irritated and she never makes mistakes. Really, she is not a woman at all, she is a machine. But she also likes to go the beach of a small fishing village, because the sea there is calm and almost motionless. She likes to fix her eyes on the horizont of the sea. She doesn’t like when there are a lot of people on the beach, so she only goes there at down.
She likes when the beach is:
Texto para as questões de 11 a 15.
Miss Heston is a perfect secretary. She knows everything, she copes with everything. She knows how to run an office. She never gets worried or irritated and she never makes mistakes. Really, she is not a woman at all, she is a machine. But she also likes to go the beach of a small fishing village, because the sea there is calm and almost motionless. She likes to fix her eyes on the horizont of the sea. She doesn’t like when there are a lot of people on the beach, so she only goes there at down.
She only goes there:
Texto para as questões de 11 a 15.
Miss Heston is a perfect secretary. She knows everything, she copes with everything. She knows how to run an office. She never gets worried or irritated and she never makes mistakes. Really, she is not a woman at all, she is a machine. But she also likes to go the beach of a small fishing village, because the sea there is calm and almost motionless. She likes to fix her eyes on the horizont of the sea. She doesn’t like when there are a lot of people on the beach, so she only goes there at down.
She likes to go to the beach of the the small fishing village at dawn because:
Texto para as questões de 11 a 15.
Miss Heston is a perfect secretary. She knows everything, she copes with everything. She knows how to run an office. She never gets worried or irritated and she never makes mistakes. Really, she is not a woman at all, she is a machine. But she also likes to go the beach of a small fishing village, because the sea there is calm and almost motionless. She likes to fix her eyes on the horizont of the sea. She doesn’t like when there are a lot of people on the beach, so she only goes there at down.
“She never makes mistakes” means:
Texto para as questões de 11 a 15.
Miss Heston is a perfect secretary. She knows everything, she copes with everything. She knows how to run an office. She never gets worried or irritated and she never makes mistakes. Really, she is not a woman at all, she is a machine. But she also likes to go the beach of a small fishing village, because the sea there is calm and almost motionless. She likes to fix her eyes on the horizont of the sea. She doesn’t like when there are a lot of people on the beach, so she only goes there at down.
Miss Heston is a perfect secretary because:
Leia o texto abaixo e responda às questões 37 e 38.
Qual das afirmações abaixo está de acordo com o texto?
Leia o texto abaixo e responda às questões 37 e 38.
O espaço no texto deve ser preenchido pelo pronome:
Mark the correct alternative.
There’s_____________________at the door. Can you open it, please?
Sure! But I went there two minutes ago and there was ___________there.
The sequence of phrasal verbs that completes the sentences correctly is:
I. My daughter _________________ all her friends.
II. My son _____________________ by himself every weekend.
III. My friend Lucy _________________ from every boring meeting.
Leia o cartum abaixo e marque a alternativa correta.
O verbo modal que pode substituir “ought to” no texto, sem alteração de significado, é:
I told my husband that I was sure about
Read the sentences below and mark the correct alternative.
I. I was given a nice bouquet of flowers.
II. It is said that Brazil has a lot of problems.
III. That road has being built by the soldiers.
IV. That letter must be read by all the students.
Das frases acima, está(ão) gramaticalmente correta(s)
Read the comic strip below and answer questions 30 and 31.
Mark the correct alternative.
Read the comic strip below and answer questions 30 and 31.
Mark the alternative in which the word “LOUSY” has the same meaning as in the comic strip.
Read the text below and answer questions 28 and 29.
Which pair best completes the blanks in the text?
Read the text below and answer questions 28 and 29.
Mark the alternative that doesn’t contain an advantage of being a bilingual person according to the text.
Read the comic strip and mark the correct alternative.
Read the sentences below and mark the correct alternative.
I. If I were sick, I’d go to a doctor.
II. If it doesn’t rain, we will stay at home.
III. He would have gone to the beach if he had had enough money.
IV. Unless she arrives on time, she won’t participate in the meeting.
The correct sentences are:
Read the text and answer questions 22 to 25.
Which words complete the conclusion correctly.
Conheça nossos planos