Questões de Concurso
Comentadas sobre interpretação de texto | reading comprehension em inglês
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Instruction: answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text. The highlights throughout the text are cited in the questions.
Carnival
- ______ Carnival is ____ festival celebrated in _____countries of Catholic tradition, often
- with public parades of playful, imaginative wagons typically called "floats, masking, jokes and
- feasts”.
- Etymology
- The word carnival comes from the Latin "carnem levare" (=eliminate meat) and
- originally indicated the banquet that was held on the last day of Carnival (Mardi Gras),
- immediately before Lent, the period of fasting and abstinence when Christians would abstain
- _____ meat. The first evidence of the use of the word "carnevale" (or "carnevalo") are the texts
- of minstrel Matazone da Caligano of the late 13th century and writer Giovanni Sercambi around
- 1400.
- Carnival period
- In Catholic countries, traditionally Carnival begins on the Septuagesima Sunday (70
- days to Easter, it was the first of the nine Sundays before the Holy Week in the Gregorian
- calendar), and in the Roman rite ends on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which marks the
- beginning of Lent. The climax is usually from Thursday until Tuesday, the last day of Carnival.
- Being connected with Easter which is a moveable feast, the final dates of Carnival vary each
- year, though in some places it may begin already on 17th January. Since Catholic Easter is on
- the Sunday after the 17first full moon of spring, therefore from 22 March to 25 April, and since
- there are 46 days between Ash Wednesday and Easter, then in non-leap years the last day of
- Carnival, Mardi Gras, can fall any time within February 3 to March 9.
- In the Ambrosian rite, which is followed in the Archdiocese of Milan and in some
- neighboring dioceses, Lent begins with the first Sunday of Lent, therefore the last day of
- Carnival is on Saturday, four days later than the Mardi Gras in other areas of Italy.
- Carnival in antiquity
- Although present in the Catholic tradition, Carnival has its origins in much older
- celebrations, such as the Greek Dionysian festivals ("Anthesteria") or the Roman "Saturnalia".
- During these ancient rites a temporary dissolution of the social obligations and hierarchies took
- place in favor of chaos, jokes and even debauchery. From a historical and religious point of
- view Carnival represented, therefore, a period of renewal, when chaos replaced the established
- order, but once festive period was over, a new or the old order re-emerged for another cycle
- until the next carnival.
- In Babylon, shortly after the vernal equinox the process of the foundation of the cosmos
- was re-enacted, described with the myth of the struggle of Marduk, the savior-god with Tiamat
- the dragon, which ended with the victory of the former. During these ceremonies a procession
- was held in which the forces of chaos were allegorically represented fighting the recreation of
- the universe, that is the myth of the death and resurrection of Marduk, the savior. In the parade
- there was a ship on wheels where the deities Moon and Sun were carried along a large avenue
- - a symbol of the Zodiac - to the sanctuary of Babylon, symbol of the earth. This period was
- accompanied by an unbridled freedom and a reversal of social order and morality.
- In the Roman world the feast in honor of the Egyptian goddess Isis involved the presence
- of masked groups, as told by Lucius Apuleius in the Metamorphoses (Book XI). Among the
- Romans the end of the old year was represented by a man covered with goat skins, carried in
- procession, hit with sticks and called Mamurius Veturius.
- Carnival is therefore a moment in a mythic cycle, it is the movement of spirits between
- heaven, earth and the underworld. In the spring, when the earth begins to show its power,
- Carnival opens a passage between the earth and the underworld, whose souls must be honored
- and for a short period the living lend them their bodies wearing masks. Masks therefore have
- often an apotropaic meaning, as the wearer takes on the features of the spirit represented.
- In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Medici in Florence organized large masked carts
- called "Trionfi" accompanied by carnival songs and dances one, the "Trionfo di Bacco e Arianna"
- also written by Lorenzo the Magnificent. In Rome under the Popes horse races took place and
- a called the "race of moccoletti" where runners bearing lit candles tried to blow out each other's
- candles.
(Available at: http://www.italyheritage.com/traditions/carnival/2023/04/14/ – text especially adapted for this test).
The sentence “Masks therefore have often an apotropaic meaning” (lines 47-48) can be rewritten with no significative changes in meaning as in:
Instruction: answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text. The highlights throughout the text are cited in the questions.
Carnival
- ______ Carnival is ____ festival celebrated in _____countries of Catholic tradition, often
- with public parades of playful, imaginative wagons typically called "floats, masking, jokes and
- feasts”.
- Etymology
- The word carnival comes from the Latin "carnem levare" (=eliminate meat) and
- originally indicated the banquet that was held on the last day of Carnival (Mardi Gras),
- immediately before Lent, the period of fasting and abstinence when Christians would abstain
- _____ meat. The first evidence of the use of the word "carnevale" (or "carnevalo") are the texts
- of minstrel Matazone da Caligano of the late 13th century and writer Giovanni Sercambi around
- 1400.
- Carnival period
- In Catholic countries, traditionally Carnival begins on the Septuagesima Sunday (70
- days to Easter, it was the first of the nine Sundays before the Holy Week in the Gregorian
- calendar), and in the Roman rite ends on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which marks the
- beginning of Lent. The climax is usually from Thursday until Tuesday, the last day of Carnival.
- Being connected with Easter which is a moveable feast, the final dates of Carnival vary each
- year, though in some places it may begin already on 17th January. Since Catholic Easter is on
- the Sunday after the 17first full moon of spring, therefore from 22 March to 25 April, and since
- there are 46 days between Ash Wednesday and Easter, then in non-leap years the last day of
- Carnival, Mardi Gras, can fall any time within February 3 to March 9.
- In the Ambrosian rite, which is followed in the Archdiocese of Milan and in some
- neighboring dioceses, Lent begins with the first Sunday of Lent, therefore the last day of
- Carnival is on Saturday, four days later than the Mardi Gras in other areas of Italy.
- Carnival in antiquity
- Although present in the Catholic tradition, Carnival has its origins in much older
- celebrations, such as the Greek Dionysian festivals ("Anthesteria") or the Roman "Saturnalia".
- During these ancient rites a temporary dissolution of the social obligations and hierarchies took
- place in favor of chaos, jokes and even debauchery. From a historical and religious point of
- view Carnival represented, therefore, a period of renewal, when chaos replaced the established
- order, but once festive period was over, a new or the old order re-emerged for another cycle
- until the next carnival.
- In Babylon, shortly after the vernal equinox the process of the foundation of the cosmos
- was re-enacted, described with the myth of the struggle of Marduk, the savior-god with Tiamat
- the dragon, which ended with the victory of the former. During these ceremonies a procession
- was held in which the forces of chaos were allegorically represented fighting the recreation of
- the universe, that is the myth of the death and resurrection of Marduk, the savior. In the parade
- there was a ship on wheels where the deities Moon and Sun were carried along a large avenue
- - a symbol of the Zodiac - to the sanctuary of Babylon, symbol of the earth. This period was
- accompanied by an unbridled freedom and a reversal of social order and morality.
- In the Roman world the feast in honor of the Egyptian goddess Isis involved the presence
- of masked groups, as told by Lucius Apuleius in the Metamorphoses (Book XI). Among the
- Romans the end of the old year was represented by a man covered with goat skins, carried in
- procession, hit with sticks and called Mamurius Veturius.
- Carnival is therefore a moment in a mythic cycle, it is the movement of spirits between
- heaven, earth and the underworld. In the spring, when the earth begins to show its power,
- Carnival opens a passage between the earth and the underworld, whose souls must be honored
- and for a short period the living lend them their bodies wearing masks. Masks therefore have
- often an apotropaic meaning, as the wearer takes on the features of the spirit represented.
- In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Medici in Florence organized large masked carts
- called "Trionfi" accompanied by carnival songs and dances one, the "Trionfo di Bacco e Arianna"
- also written by Lorenzo the Magnificent. In Rome under the Popes horse races took place and
- a called the "race of moccoletti" where runners bearing lit candles tried to blow out each other's
- candles.
(Available at: http://www.italyheritage.com/traditions/carnival/2023/04/14/ – text especially adapted for this test).
Analyze the following statements about the article:
I. Carnival is a festival with religious roots celebrated in countries of Catholic tradition.
II. The etymology of the word carnival, from the Latin carnem levare refers to the pagan Roman tradition of abstaining from meat in Lent.
III. Carnival has its origins in pagan festivals, and it was related to the temporary dissolution of social hierarchies and cycles of nature.
Which ones are correct?
Instruction: answer questions 31 to 40 based on the following text. The highlights throughout the text are cited in the questions.
Carnival
- ______ Carnival is ____ festival celebrated in _____countries of Catholic tradition, often
- with public parades of playful, imaginative wagons typically called "floats, masking, jokes and
- feasts”.
- Etymology
- The word carnival comes from the Latin "carnem levare" (=eliminate meat) and
- originally indicated the banquet that was held on the last day of Carnival (Mardi Gras),
- immediately before Lent, the period of fasting and abstinence when Christians would abstain
- _____ meat. The first evidence of the use of the word "carnevale" (or "carnevalo") are the texts
- of minstrel Matazone da Caligano of the late 13th century and writer Giovanni Sercambi around
- 1400.
- Carnival period
- In Catholic countries, traditionally Carnival begins on the Septuagesima Sunday (70
- days to Easter, it was the first of the nine Sundays before the Holy Week in the Gregorian
- calendar), and in the Roman rite ends on the Tuesday before Ash Wednesday, which marks the
- beginning of Lent. The climax is usually from Thursday until Tuesday, the last day of Carnival.
- Being connected with Easter which is a moveable feast, the final dates of Carnival vary each
- year, though in some places it may begin already on 17th January. Since Catholic Easter is on
- the Sunday after the 17first full moon of spring, therefore from 22 March to 25 April, and since
- there are 46 days between Ash Wednesday and Easter, then in non-leap years the last day of
- Carnival, Mardi Gras, can fall any time within February 3 to March 9.
- In the Ambrosian rite, which is followed in the Archdiocese of Milan and in some
- neighboring dioceses, Lent begins with the first Sunday of Lent, therefore the last day of
- Carnival is on Saturday, four days later than the Mardi Gras in other areas of Italy.
- Carnival in antiquity
- Although present in the Catholic tradition, Carnival has its origins in much older
- celebrations, such as the Greek Dionysian festivals ("Anthesteria") or the Roman "Saturnalia".
- During these ancient rites a temporary dissolution of the social obligations and hierarchies took
- place in favor of chaos, jokes and even debauchery. From a historical and religious point of
- view Carnival represented, therefore, a period of renewal, when chaos replaced the established
- order, but once festive period was over, a new or the old order re-emerged for another cycle
- until the next carnival.
- In Babylon, shortly after the vernal equinox the process of the foundation of the cosmos
- was re-enacted, described with the myth of the struggle of Marduk, the savior-god with Tiamat
- the dragon, which ended with the victory of the former. During these ceremonies a procession
- was held in which the forces of chaos were allegorically represented fighting the recreation of
- the universe, that is the myth of the death and resurrection of Marduk, the savior. In the parade
- there was a ship on wheels where the deities Moon and Sun were carried along a large avenue
- - a symbol of the Zodiac - to the sanctuary of Babylon, symbol of the earth. This period was
- accompanied by an unbridled freedom and a reversal of social order and morality.
- In the Roman world the feast in honor of the Egyptian goddess Isis involved the presence
- of masked groups, as told by Lucius Apuleius in the Metamorphoses (Book XI). Among the
- Romans the end of the old year was represented by a man covered with goat skins, carried in
- procession, hit with sticks and called Mamurius Veturius.
- Carnival is therefore a moment in a mythic cycle, it is the movement of spirits between
- heaven, earth and the underworld. In the spring, when the earth begins to show its power,
- Carnival opens a passage between the earth and the underworld, whose souls must be honored
- and for a short period the living lend them their bodies wearing masks. Masks therefore have
- often an apotropaic meaning, as the wearer takes on the features of the spirit represented.
- In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Medici in Florence organized large masked carts
- called "Trionfi" accompanied by carnival songs and dances one, the "Trionfo di Bacco e Arianna"
- also written by Lorenzo the Magnificent. In Rome under the Popes horse races took place and
- a called the "race of moccoletti" where runners bearing lit candles tried to blow out each other's
- candles.
(Available at: http://www.italyheritage.com/traditions/carnival/2023/04/14/ – text especially adapted for this test).
Which of the following sentences best summarizes the article?
How were the first 'voice mails' sent? In envelopes
“Hello Mother, Dad, and Blanche,” a quiet voice says above the cracks and pops of an old vinyl record, which has clearly been played many times over. “How’s everything at home? I’m recording this from Dallas…from this very little place where there are pinball machines and many other things like that…”
The disc is small, seven inches across, dated ___________ 1954. The faded green label shows that the speaker’s name is “Gene,” the recording addressed to “Folks.” Gene suggests in his minute-long message that he is traveling—“seeing America”—and tells his family not to worry about him.
“I should complete my trip sometime around Thanksgiving. I hope you received my letter and I, in turn, hope to receive some of the letters that you sent me.”
This largely forgotten sound is one of the world’s early “voice mails.” During the first half of the 20th century, these audio letters and other messages were recorded largely in booths, pressed onto metal discs and vinyl records, and mailed in places all over the world. Best known today for playing music at home, record players were then being used as a means of _____________ over long distances.
The idea of transporting a person’s voice had _________ large in the human imagination for some three centuries before it was finally achieved with the invention of the phonograph in the late 19th century. Historical documents from the Qing Dynasty in 16th-century China suggest the existence of a mysterious device called the “thousand-mile speaker,” a wooden cylinder that could be spoken into and sealed, such that the recipient could still hear the reverberations when opening it back up.
(Fonte: National Geographic - adaptado.)
According to the text, mark the CORRECT alternative:
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 21 a 25.
PUCKER UP I'm a dermatologist - you've been using lip balm all wrong - here's why your pout is still chapped
(1º§)YOU might be reaching for your lip balm more and more through these winter months. But are your lips still sore and chapped, no matter how much of the stuff you slather on? According to dermatology experts, the type of balm you put on your pout might be more important than the amount.
(2º§)Dr. Mona Gohara, an associate clinical professor of dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine, and Dr. Brendan Camp, a dermatologist at MDCS Dermatology in New York, told TODAY why some lip balms could do more harm than good.
(3º§)To start with, they discussed why your lips might be chapped in the first place. The cold weather can wreak havoc on them as the skin is very thin, so they're more likely to dry out, Dr Gohara said. Meanwhile, Dr Camp noted that the delicate skin of your pout can easily be irritated by ingredients in skincare or food, yeast or bacteria, and even enzymes in saliva.
(4º§)You might also not be giving them enough love: lot's of people forget about their lips when they're moisturising their face. But if your lips are dry and chapped not long after you apply your balm, you just might be using the wrong kind.
(5º§)Four things to avoid in a lip balm:
1.Tingly balms
2. Fragrances
3. Flavouring agents
4. Dyes
(6º§)Dr Camp said these might cause allergic contact dermatitis, a type of eczema triggered by contact with a particular substance. And if your lips are dry, cracked, red, scaly and itchy, you might have developed a sensitivity to an ingredient in your lip balm, he added. Moral of the story, check your lip balm ingredients.
(7º§)Since you're doing that, there are a few ingredients that will help hydrate your pout. Dr Camp said you want to look for ingredients that will help trap water in the skin while keeping it moisturized for a long period of time. "Ingredients like beeswax, olive oil, castor oil, coconut oil, and shea butter are often used for this purpose," he said.
(8º§)You should also be wearing a salve with SPF to protect your lips from the sun. Meanwhile, Dr Gohara said that your ideal balm will have a combination of humectants (like hyaluronic acid and glycerin), which draw moisture into the skin, and occlusives (such as shea butter and mineral oil), which lock moisture in.
(9º§)The NHS recommended you use one containing petroleum jelly or beeswax. It said: "Try a few different lip balms if one is not working for you - some people may be sensitive to some fragrances, dyes or cosmetic ingredients."
(10º§)As long as you're using the right type of balm, Dr Gohara said you can apply it multiple times a day. According to Dr Camp, it's best to put on lip balm once in the morning and once before bed. There are other ways of preventing dry lips too.
(11º§)Lisa Borg, skin specialist and nutritionist at the Pulse Light Clinc, said the best thing you can do is drink plenty of fluids throughout the day. Preferably quality water as opposed to dehydrating coffee and fizzy drinks, she noted.
(12º§)Lisa also recommended eating foods that simulate saliva production, such as apples, cucumbers, tomatoes, courgettes, watermelon, lemons, and crunchy fibrous vegetables like carrots and celery. Meanwhile, the NHS said you should wash your hands before applying lip balm and cover your lips with a scarf when you're outside in cold weather. If you're outdoors, use a balm with SPF 15 or more every two hours, it added.
(13º§)Common causes of dry lips: cold weather, dry air or wind; damage from the sun; dehydration; a lip injury; allergies; and lack of vitamins and minerals. If you have sore or dry lips, you should avoid: picking or biting any flaky skin on your lips - this can slow down healing; licking dry or cracked lips - this can make them sore; and sharing lip balms with other people - this can spread germs.
(adapted) -wwrongg-pu--chappeed .uk/health/21661055/dermatologist-using-lip-balm-wrong-pout-chapped/
Based on the text, what is the main cause of chapped lips during the winter months?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 21 a 25.
PUCKER UP I'm a dermatologist - you've been using lip balm all wrong - here's why your pout is still chapped
(1º§)YOU might be reaching for your lip balm more and more through these winter months. But are your lips still sore and chapped, no matter how much of the stuff you slather on? According to dermatology experts, the type of balm you put on your pout might be more important than the amount.
(2º§)Dr. Mona Gohara, an associate clinical professor of dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine, and Dr. Brendan Camp, a dermatologist at MDCS Dermatology in New York, told TODAY why some lip balms could do more harm than good.
(3º§)To start with, they discussed why your lips might be chapped in the first place. The cold weather can wreak havoc on them as the skin is very thin, so they're more likely to dry out, Dr Gohara said. Meanwhile, Dr Camp noted that the delicate skin of your pout can easily be irritated by ingredients in skincare or food, yeast or bacteria, and even enzymes in saliva.
(4º§)You might also not be giving them enough love: lot's of people forget about their lips when they're moisturising their face. But if your lips are dry and chapped not long after you apply your balm, you just might be using the wrong kind.
(5º§)Four things to avoid in a lip balm:
1.Tingly balms
2. Fragrances
3. Flavouring agents
4. Dyes
(6º§)Dr Camp said these might cause allergic contact dermatitis, a type of eczema triggered by contact with a particular substance. And if your lips are dry, cracked, red, scaly and itchy, you might have developed a sensitivity to an ingredient in your lip balm, he added. Moral of the story, check your lip balm ingredients.
(7º§)Since you're doing that, there are a few ingredients that will help hydrate your pout. Dr Camp said you want to look for ingredients that will help trap water in the skin while keeping it moisturized for a long period of time. "Ingredients like beeswax, olive oil, castor oil, coconut oil, and shea butter are often used for this purpose," he said.
(8º§)You should also be wearing a salve with SPF to protect your lips from the sun. Meanwhile, Dr Gohara said that your ideal balm will have a combination of humectants (like hyaluronic acid and glycerin), which draw moisture into the skin, and occlusives (such as shea butter and mineral oil), which lock moisture in.
(9º§)The NHS recommended you use one containing petroleum jelly or beeswax. It said: "Try a few different lip balms if one is not working for you - some people may be sensitive to some fragrances, dyes or cosmetic ingredients."
(10º§)As long as you're using the right type of balm, Dr Gohara said you can apply it multiple times a day. According to Dr Camp, it's best to put on lip balm once in the morning and once before bed. There are other ways of preventing dry lips too.
(11º§)Lisa Borg, skin specialist and nutritionist at the Pulse Light Clinc, said the best thing you can do is drink plenty of fluids throughout the day. Preferably quality water as opposed to dehydrating coffee and fizzy drinks, she noted.
(12º§)Lisa also recommended eating foods that simulate saliva production, such as apples, cucumbers, tomatoes, courgettes, watermelon, lemons, and crunchy fibrous vegetables like carrots and celery. Meanwhile, the NHS said you should wash your hands before applying lip balm and cover your lips with a scarf when you're outside in cold weather. If you're outdoors, use a balm with SPF 15 or more every two hours, it added.
(13º§)Common causes of dry lips: cold weather, dry air or wind; damage from the sun; dehydration; a lip injury; allergies; and lack of vitamins and minerals. If you have sore or dry lips, you should avoid: picking or biting any flaky skin on your lips - this can slow down healing; licking dry or cracked lips - this can make them sore; and sharing lip balms with other people - this can spread germs.
(adapted) -wwrongg-pu--chappeed .uk/health/21661055/dermatologist-using-lip-balm-wrong-pout-chapped/
According to the text, it is important for people to look for lip balm ingredients that:
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 21 a 25.
PUCKER UP I'm a dermatologist - you've been using lip balm all wrong - here's why your pout is still chapped
(1º§)YOU might be reaching for your lip balm more and more through these winter months. But are your lips still sore and chapped, no matter how much of the stuff you slather on? According to dermatology experts, the type of balm you put on your pout might be more important than the amount.
(2º§)Dr. Mona Gohara, an associate clinical professor of dermatology at the Yale School of Medicine, and Dr. Brendan Camp, a dermatologist at MDCS Dermatology in New York, told TODAY why some lip balms could do more harm than good.
(3º§)To start with, they discussed why your lips might be chapped in the first place. The cold weather can wreak havoc on them as the skin is very thin, so they're more likely to dry out, Dr Gohara said. Meanwhile, Dr Camp noted that the delicate skin of your pout can easily be irritated by ingredients in skincare or food, yeast or bacteria, and even enzymes in saliva.
(4º§)You might also not be giving them enough love: lot's of people forget about their lips when they're moisturising their face. But if your lips are dry and chapped not long after you apply your balm, you just might be using the wrong kind.
(5º§)Four things to avoid in a lip balm:
1.Tingly balms
2. Fragrances
3. Flavouring agents
4. Dyes
(6º§)Dr Camp said these might cause allergic contact dermatitis, a type of eczema triggered by contact with a particular substance. And if your lips are dry, cracked, red, scaly and itchy, you might have developed a sensitivity to an ingredient in your lip balm, he added. Moral of the story, check your lip balm ingredients.
(7º§)Since you're doing that, there are a few ingredients that will help hydrate your pout. Dr Camp said you want to look for ingredients that will help trap water in the skin while keeping it moisturized for a long period of time. "Ingredients like beeswax, olive oil, castor oil, coconut oil, and shea butter are often used for this purpose," he said.
(8º§)You should also be wearing a salve with SPF to protect your lips from the sun. Meanwhile, Dr Gohara said that your ideal balm will have a combination of humectants (like hyaluronic acid and glycerin), which draw moisture into the skin, and occlusives (such as shea butter and mineral oil), which lock moisture in.
(9º§)The NHS recommended you use one containing petroleum jelly or beeswax. It said: "Try a few different lip balms if one is not working for you - some people may be sensitive to some fragrances, dyes or cosmetic ingredients."
(10º§)As long as you're using the right type of balm, Dr Gohara said you can apply it multiple times a day. According to Dr Camp, it's best to put on lip balm once in the morning and once before bed. There are other ways of preventing dry lips too.
(11º§)Lisa Borg, skin specialist and nutritionist at the Pulse Light Clinc, said the best thing you can do is drink plenty of fluids throughout the day. Preferably quality water as opposed to dehydrating coffee and fizzy drinks, she noted.
(12º§)Lisa also recommended eating foods that simulate saliva production, such as apples, cucumbers, tomatoes, courgettes, watermelon, lemons, and crunchy fibrous vegetables like carrots and celery. Meanwhile, the NHS said you should wash your hands before applying lip balm and cover your lips with a scarf when you're outside in cold weather. If you're outdoors, use a balm with SPF 15 or more every two hours, it added.
(13º§)Common causes of dry lips: cold weather, dry air or wind; damage from the sun; dehydration; a lip injury; allergies; and lack of vitamins and minerals. If you have sore or dry lips, you should avoid: picking or biting any flaky skin on your lips - this can slow down healing; licking dry or cracked lips - this can make them sore; and sharing lip balms with other people - this can spread germs.
(adapted) -wwrongg-pu--chappeed .uk/health/21661055/dermatologist-using-lip-balm-wrong-pout-chapped/
According to the text, it is correct to say that:
Written language and spoken language differ in several ways. A key difference between written and spoken languages is that written language tends to be more formal and complex than spoken language. For example, written English refers to the English language one notices in texts while spoken English is what one hears and uses for conversing with others. Although both written and spoken English can be used as mediums of communication, the key difference between written and spoken English is that while written English is textbased, spoken English is not. With that in mind, read the statements that follow and check the correct answer.
I. The writing of a text is usually detached in time and space from its reading. Speaking usually takes place in immediate interaction with known listeners and with the availability of immediate feedback.
II. Writing is less permanent and more easily changed. On the other hand, speaking is fixed and stable, for it is more likely to be organized and carefully formulated.
III. Writing normally uses a generally acceptable standard variety of the language whereas speech may sometimes be informal, therefore being associated with the use of slangs and colloquialisms.
IV.Spoken language involves speaking and listening skills while written language requires writing and reading skills.
V. Spoken English is more structured than written English, for spoken language can be both formal and informal depending on the context, and written language is mostly informal.
Based on the differences presented between written and spoken English, it is possible to say that are correct.
Read the text below and answer the question provided.
WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO LEARN ENGLISH?
Learning English is important, but firstly, why is it a good idea to learn any new language? Learning a new language can be an enjoyable experience at any age. People learn new languages for many different reasons, such as travel or work, and the benefits can be incredibly worthwhile, whatever the reason.
For example, studying a foreign language can increase cultural knowledge and can help you feel more confident when traveling. It’s also a fact that learning a second language improves brain functionality. Studies show that people who speak more than one language have improved memory, problem-solving and critical-thinking skills, enhanced concentration, ability to multitask and also listening skills.
English is one of the most used languages in the world. Even outside of countries like the U.S. and the U.K., many people can speak and understand English. Sixty-seven countries have English as their official language and there are twenty-seven countries that have English as their secondary official language.
Since English is spoken in so many different countries there are lots of schools and universities around the world that offer programs in English. If you have a good level of academic English, there are lots of opportunities for you to find an appropriate school and course to suit your needs. In addition, many of the world’s prestigious universities are situated in English-speaking countries such as the United Kingdom, United States and Australia.
English is also a particularly important language online with the highest percentage of content on the internet written in English. As well as this, some of the world’s largest tech companies are based in English speaking countries. Most of the content on the internet is written in English. Many of the world’s biggest news outlets, including TV, newspapers, magazines and radio, are produced in English. Some of your favorite films, TV shows and pop music are probably English-language.
All in all, the English language bridges the gap between nations and offers everyone the possibility of attaining wide exposure. The adoption of the English language as the principal source of communication has resulted in increasing international relationships in travel and tourism, education, business, entertainment, science, technology, and so on.
(adapted from studiocambridge.co.uk)
Relying on the information gathered after reading the text: “WHY IS IT IMPORTANT TO LEARN ENGLISH?”, check the answer which cannot be considered as one of the reasons to learn English, for it was not presented on the text read as such.
The experience of being hospitalised is usually an anxiety-provoking and even traumatic experience, especially for children. Children are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of being ill, and their hospitalisation is a stressful event with potential unpleasant consequences for children and their families. In a sense, for children the hospital is like a foreign country to whose customs, language and culture they must learn to adapt, a situation which presents many challenges. Health care professionals, such as physicians, nurses, and psychologists, must be aware of the psychological and emotional needs of their patients, particularly those of children. Pediatric hospitals must go beyond a narrow focus of the medical aspect of treating children’s illnesses, by providing, for example, age-appropriate communication, support, and empathy, on the part of the medical and psychological staff, as means of interventions for those children who display marked signs of distress.
Avaiable in: https://www.oatext.com/Psychological-emotional-and-physical-experiences-of-hospitalized- children.php. Access: 30 Nov. 2022. Adapted.
“Age-appropriate communication, support and empathy” are mentioned in the text as examples of
The experience of being hospitalised is usually an anxiety-provoking and even traumatic experience, especially for children. Children are particularly susceptible to the adverse effects of being ill, and their hospitalisation is a stressful event with potential unpleasant consequences for children and their families. In a sense, for children the hospital is like a foreign country to whose customs, language and culture they must learn to adapt, a situation which presents many challenges. Health care professionals, such as physicians, nurses, and psychologists, must be aware of the psychological and emotional needs of their patients, particularly those of children. Pediatric hospitals must go beyond a narrow focus of the medical aspect of treating children’s illnesses, by providing, for example, age-appropriate communication, support, and empathy, on the part of the medical and psychological staff, as means of interventions for those children who display marked signs of distress.
Avaiable in: https://www.oatext.com/Psychological-emotional-and-physical-experiences-of-hospitalized- children.php. Access: 30 Nov. 2022. Adapted.
The text compares children’s experience in hospitals to being in a foreign country, because in both situations,
Analyze the statements below and choose the CORRECT option:
I) The project is focused on fuel conservation and increasing the emission of air pollutants.
II) Google’s Yossi Matias noted that the system is being tested in areas with intense traffic issues.
III) The program was first tested in Bangalore, Budapest, Jakarta, Manchester, Haifa, Hamburg, Rio de Janeiro, and Seattle.
IV) Generally, the project isn’t used at major crossings with heavy traffic and complex traffic lights.
V) The Green Light project is used in areas called
intersections, where vehicles start and stop.
In the opening lines of William Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," the titular character utters the famous phrase, "To be or not to be, that is the question." What existential dilemma is Hamlet contemplating in this soliloquy?
Consider a sentence below:
"Mary always seems to have a chip on her shoulder at work."
What does this idiom mean?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
How are the suburban villas across the Vesuvian area described in terms of their significance?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
In the context of the text, what does the term "veritable" (6º§) mean when describing mansions in Roman towns?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
What is the main focus of the literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum, as mentioned in the text?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
In the sentence "The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, [...] (1º§)" what syntactic structure is used to emphasize the difference between Pompeii and Herculaneum?
O texto seguinte servirá de base para responder às questões de 11 a 22.
Archaeological Areas of Pompei, Herculaneum and Torre Annunziata
(1º§) The World Heritage property includes three different archaeological areas: the ancient towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum together with the Villa of the Mysteries (to the west of Pompeii) and the Villa of the Papyri (to the west of Herculaneum), and the Villa A (Villa of Poppaea) and Villa B (Villa of Lucius Crassius Tertius) in Torre Annunziata. The vast expanse of the commercial town of Pompeii contrasts with the smaller but better-preserved remains of the smaller Herculaneum, while Villa A in Torre Annunziata gives a vivid impression of the opulent lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire.
(2º§) When Vesuvius erupted in 79 AD, it engulfed the two flourishing Roman towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum, as well as the many wealthy countryside villas in the area. Pompeii was buried largely by a thick layer of volcanic ash and lapilli and Herculaneum disappeared under pyroclastic surges and flows. These sites have been progressively excavated and made accessible to the public since the mid-18th century. However, in the case of Herculaneum large areas of the ancient town still lie under the modern town and have only been explored and surveyed by the network of 18th-century tunnels that drew the attention of Grand Tour visitors, the basis still today for visiting the Herculaneum's underground ancient theatre. These areas are mostly not currently included in the World Heritage property.
(3º§) Pompeii, with its well-preserved buildings in an excavated area of 44 ha, is the only archaeological site in the world that provides a complete picture of an ancient Roman city. The main forum is flanked by a number of imposing public buildings, such as the Capitolium, the Basilica and temples and within the city there are also many public bath complexes, two theatres and an amphitheatre.
(4º§) In Herculaneum several impressive public buildings are well preserved, including a spacious palaestra accessed through a monumental gateway, two sets of public baths, one of which (Central Thermae) is monumental and vividly decorated, the College of the Priests of Augustus, and a theatre of standard form. The Villa of the Papyri, outside the city walls, is an opulent establishment. The town is also noteworthy for the completeness of its shops, still containing equipment such as enormous wine jars.
(5º§) Herculaneum's urban districts and seafront display a higher level of preservation with noteworthy conservation of upper floors thanks to the pyroclastic material that buried the town. Organic matter was often carbonized by the high temperatures and exceptionally preserved finds include everyday objects such as foodstuffs, architectural elements and wooden furniture.
(6º§) Both Pompeii and Herculaneum are renowned for their remarkable series of residential and commercial buildings, built along well-paved streets. The earliest is the atrium house, entirely inward-looking with a courtyard at its centre: the House of the Surgeon at Pompeii is a good example. Under Hellenistic influences, this type of house was enlarged and decorated with columns and arcades and equipped with large representative rooms. In its highest form, this type of Roman house, known from towns all over the Empire, developed into a veritable mansion, richly decorated and with many rooms, of which the House of the Faun and the House of the Chaste Lovers are outstanding examples.
(7º§) The suburban villas across the Vesuvian area are perhaps even more exceptional in terms of the scale of their buildings and grounds, as well as their lavish decorations. The Villa of the Mysteries is an enormous residence just outside Pompeii's city walls, developed from a modest house built in the 3rd century BC, named from the remarkable wall paintings in the triclinium, which depict the initiation rites ('mysteries') of the cult of Dionysus.
(8º§) The two villas in Torre Annunziata are both extraordinary examples of suburban buildings in the countryside of Pompeii. The villa A, so-called "of Poppaea", is a huge maritime residence built in the middle of the 1st century BCE, enlarged during the Imperial period and under restoration at the moment of the eruption. It is especially well known for its magnificent and well-preserved wall paintings, one of the most important examples of Roman painting with their superb illusionistic frescos of doors, colonnades and garden views. On the other hand, villa B is an excellent example of villa rustica provided with rooms and spaces designated for market activities such as storage of amphoras and trading of locally produced foodstuffs, especially wine.
(9º§) There were many changes to these buildings over time in response to changing circumstances of the owners; these include repairs and adjustments that were a response to the seismic events that led up to the AD 79 eruption and reflect a community living with changing environmental and economic conditions.
(10º§) A special feature of Pompeii is the wealth of graffiti on its walls. An election was imminent at the time of the eruption, and there are many political slogans scrawled on walls, as well as others of a more personal nature, often defamatory. At Herculaneum, the volcanic deposits preserved hundreds of wax tablets, some of which conserve legal documents, and more than 1,800 papyri scrolls containing Greek philosophical texts were found at the Villa of the Papyri.
(11º§) The diverse range of literary sources available in Pompeii and Herculaneum provides a picture of the final decades of these ancient cities and the image of socially complex and dynamic communities, representing exceptional evidence of typical ways of life in Roman society in the first century AD and the importance of texts in political and private life.
(12º§) Other important sources of archaeological evidence are the human remains of those who died in the eruption. Pompeii witnessed an early archaeological experiment when plaster was poured into voids found in the volcanic material and which allowed casts to be made of the forms of the human and animal victims and other organic material. At Herculaneum, on the other hand, about 300 skeletons were discovered along the ancient shoreline. The study of these significant samples of victims from the towns provides insight into their health, lifestyles and death and a chance to compare the two data sets. The casts themselves are important resources as they contain both skeletal remains and evidence of 19th- and 20th-century archaeological practice.
(13º§) Another important legacy of the twentieth century was the presentation of Herculaneum to the public as an 'open-air museum', perhaps Europe's first, with buildings reconstructed based on archaeological evidence and displays of original objects within the archaeological site. This concept of 'open-air museum' had already been adopted in some buildings in Pompeii, as a medium to communicate the meaning of ancient spaces, at the end of the 19th century.
(14º§) The impressive remains of the towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum and their associated villas, destroyed and yet preserved by Mount Vesuvius, provide a complete and vivid picture of society and daily life at a specific moment in the past that is unparalleled elsewhere. The rediscovery and history of these places as archaeological sites has captured the collective imagination century after century, shaping archaeological, art historical, conservation and interpretation practices in Europe and beyond.
(adapted) https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/829/
In the context of the text, what nuance does the term "opulent" (1º§) carry when describing the lifestyle enjoyed by the wealthier citizens of the early Roman Empire?
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