Questões do Enem

Synopsis

Filmed over nearly three years, WASTE LAND follows renowned artist Vik Muniz as he journeys from his home base in Brooklyn to his native Brazil and the world's largest garbage dump, Jardim Gramacho, located on the outskirts of Rio de Janeiro. There he photographs an eclectic band of “catadores” — self-designated pickers of recyclable materiais. Muniz’s initial objective was to “paint” the catadores with garbage. However, his collaboration with these inspiring characters as they recreate photographic images of themselves out of garbage reveals both the dignity and despair of the catadores as they begin to re-imagine their lives. Director Lucy Walker (DEVIL'S PLAYGROUND, BLINDSIGHT and COUNTDOWN TO ZERO) and co-directors João Jardim and Karen Harley have great access to the entire process and, in the end, offer stirring evidence of the transformative power of art and the alchemy of the human spirit.

Disponível em: www.wastelandmovie.com. Acesso em: 2 dez. 2012

Vik Muniz é um artista plástico brasileiro radicado em Nova York. O documentário Waste Land, produzido por ele em 2010, recebeu vários prêmios e

A proposta da capa da revista, associando aspectos verbais e visuais, transmite a seguinte mensagem:

               As Furniture Burns Quicker,               Firefighters Reconsider Tactics
      House fires have changed. The New York Fire Department is rethinking its tactics for residential fires, while trying to hold onto its culture of “aggressive interior firefighting" - charging inside burning buildings as fast as possible.
Plastic flllings in sofas and mattresses burn much fasterthan older fillings like cotton, helping to transform the behavior of house flres in the last few decades, fireflghters and engineers say. With more plastic in homes, residential flres are now likely to use up all the oxygen in a room before they consume all flammable materiais.
“Years ago you could break a window and it took the fire several minutes to develop — or tens of minutes”, a fire battalion chief in Queens, George K. Healy, said. “Now we're learning when you vent that window or the door, the fire is developing in, say, a minute.”
LIBRADO, R. Disponível em: www.nytimes.com. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2013 (adaptado). 
O texto aborda o tema dos incêndios residenciais, que se propagam com mais rapidez atualmente por causa

The Four Oxen and the Lion

A Lion used to prowl about a field in which Four Oxen used to live. Many a time he tried to attack them; but whenever he came near, they turned their tails to one another, so that whichever way he approached them he was met by the horns of one of them. At last, however, they quarreled among themselves, and each went off to pasture alone in a separate corner of the field. Then the Lion attacked them one by one and soon made an end of all four.

Disponível em: www.aesopfables.com. Acesso em: 1 dez. 2011.

A fábula The Four Oxen and the Lion ilustra um preceito moral, como se espera em textos desse gênero. Essa moral, podendo ser compreendida como o tema do texto, está expressa em:

Un gran disco rojo, siluetas de manos y figuras animales que decoran las paredes de diferentes cuevas del norte de España son las pinturas rupestres más antiguas jamás halladas.

Hasta ahora se creia que - con una antigüedad de 20 000 y 25 000 años - las pinturas rupestres más antiguas estaban en cuevas de Francia y Portugual.

Las fechas en las que, según el nuevo hallazgo, se dibujaron estas pinturas coinciden con la primera migración conocida de los humanos modernos (los Homo sapiens) a Europa desde África. Pero hace 40 000 años, sus primos los neandertales todavía vivían en lo que hoy es España.

En estas pinturas pueden estar alguna de las claves para entender el desarrollo de la historia humana. Pero si, por el contrario, se comprueba que los artistas fueron los neandertales, el hallazgo “añade un nuevo elemento a nuestro conocimiento sobre sus capacidades y su sofisticación". Eso indicaria que el pensamiento humano, abstracto y avanzado, y probablemente también el lenguaje, surgieron cientos de miles de años antes de lo que se creía.

Disponível em: www.bbc.co.uk. Acesso em: 15 jun. 2012 (adaptado).

A pintura rupestre é uma arte pré-histórica por meio da qual nossos ancestrais retratavam seu entorno, seu cotidiano, suas crenças. O achado arqueológico apresentado no texto pode ser de grande relevância por